Table 3. Comparison of mean pain profile scores among preterm infants in the study and control groups (n=62).

Items	Study groupn=62	Control groupn=62	t-test	P value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
	M±SD	M±SD
Facial expression	0.94±0.21	1.07±0.39	−2.31	0.023	−0.415
Crying	1.04±0.23	1.21±0.25	3.94	<0.001	−0.707
Breathing patterns	0.91±0.19	1.15±0.45	−3.86	<0.001	−0.694
Arm movements	0.99±0.15	1.16±0.52	−2.47	0.015	−0.444
Leg movements	0.94±0.18	1.11±0.45	−2.76	0.007	−0.496
State of arousal	0.89±0.26	1.03±0.40	−2.31	0.022	−0.415
Total	5.71±1.22	6.73±2.46	2.92	0.004	−0.53