Table 3.

Comparison of secondary outcomes and postoperative diabetes management between groups

	Before PSM		P	After PSM		P
	POCL Group (212)	Fasting Group (467)		POCL Group (205)	Fasting Group (205)
Postoperative Pneumonia (n, %)	42 (19.81%)	68 (14.56%)	0.085	36 (17.56%)	43 (20.98%)	0.401
Postoperative Hospital Stay (day)	5.45 [3.00–7.80]	6.70 [3.90–8.90]	< 0.001	5.10 [3.00–7.70]	5.90 [3.80–8.50]	0.022
Hospitalization Costs (Yuan)	19327.90 [12754.92–44717.36]	20768.73 [14409.86–33433.51]	0.780	18450.77 [12647.08–41826.94]	18577.79 [13213.16–38643.61]	0.494
ICU Admission (n,%)	12 (5.67%)	34 (7.28%)	0.436	11 (5.37%)	13 (6.34%)	0.674
Preoperative insulin continued (n,%)	17 (8.02%)	37 (7.92%)	0.966	16 (7.80%)	17 (8.29%)	0.856
New insulin initiation (n,%)	50 (23.58%)	115 (24.63%)	0.770	48 (23.41%)	52 (25.37%)	0.646
Continuous insulin infusion (n,%)	5 (2.36%)	12 (2.57%)	0.870	5 (2.44%)	5 (2.44%)	1.000

Note: Data presented as n (%). PSM: Propensity score matching; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; POCL: Preoperative oral carbohydrate loading. Preoperative insulin continued: patients who were on insulin therapy before surgery and continued insulin during postoperative period. New insulin initiation: patients who required insulin therapy postoperatively despite no previous insulin use. Continuous insulin infusion: patients requiring intravenous insulin administration for glycemic control. All postoperative insulin management decisions were made according to institutional protocol by the attending physicians based on glycemic control status. P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance