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. 2025 Jun 5;16(1):2509385. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2509385

Table 1.

Age, alcohol use-related problems (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), drug use-related problems (Drug Use Disorder Identification Test), difficulties in emotion regulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale), PTSD symptom severity (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale), emotional avoidance (Emotional Avoidance Questionnaire), shame and guilt (Personal Feelings Questionnaire, Shame–Guilt). Means, standard deviations, and bivariate correlations between the variables, N = 74.

    Bivariate correlation
Measures M (SD) Age AUDIT DUDIT DERS CAPS EAQ PFQ Shame
Age 35.53 (8.547)              
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) 19.283 (13.125) .240*            
Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT) 26.878 (15.028) −.363** −.286*          
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) 111.351 (24.534) −.282* 0.009 0.207        
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) 50.260 (19.211) −.241* −0.032 .272* .612**      
Emotional Avoidance Questionnaire (EAQ) 58.459 (14.304) −0.106 0.121 0.096 .738** .529**    
Personal Feelings Questionnaire, Shame (PFQ-Shame) 16.432 (6.684) −0.193 0.045 .302** .724** .617** .506**  
Personal Feelings Questionnaire, Guilt (PFQ-Guilt) 17.554 (5.208) 0.043 0.068 0.156 .543** .486** .449** .727**

Note. *p < .05. **p < .001.