Table 1.

Summarize the studies in therapeutic effect of deer velvet antler using multi-omics strategies.

Omics	Principle	Instruments	Limitations	References
Genomics	Studies the entire set of genes in an organism, including their structure, function, evolution, and interactions	High-throughput sequencers, PCR machines	High cost, complex data analysis	19, 20, 21
Transcriptomics	Studies RNA molecules, especially messenger RNA (mRNA), to understand how genes are regulated under different conditions	RNA sequencers (e.g., Illumina HiSeq), Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)	High sample quality requirement, complex data processing	19,22, 23, 24
Proteomics	Studies the structure, function, and interactions of proteins	Mass spectrometers (e.g., LC-MS/MS), Gel-based approach	Difficulty in protein extraction and purification, complex data analysis	21,25
Metabolomics	Studies small molecule metabolites within an organism to understand metabolic pathways and biological processes	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Mass spectrometers (e.g., GC-MS, LC-MS)	Sample stability issues, complex data interpretation	26, 27, 28
Microbiomics	Studies the composition and function of microbial communities in different environments	Next-generation sequencing, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Metagenomic sequencing	Complex data analysis, need for comprehensive databases, sample contamination	29,30