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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jun 6.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Chem. 2013 Sep 18;60(1):174–185. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.207217

Table 5.

Adjusted mean difference in log-transformed plasma SHBG concentrations in relation to age, BMI, lifestyle factors, reproductive history, and use of exogenous estrogen in the WHI, 1993–1998.

Variable Difference in log-SHBG concentrations (n = 8712)
Pooled meana 95% CIa
Age, per 5-year increment  0.037  0.026–0.047
BMI, per unit −0.028  −0.033 to −0.024
Physical activity, per 7.5 MET-h/week  0.034  0.012 to 0.056
Alcohol, per 10 g/day −0.0003  −0.0008 to 0.0003
Cigarettes, per 10/day −0.010 −0.021 to 0.000
Regular coffee, per cup/day  0.025  0.018 to 0.032
Red meat, per serving/day −0.077 −0.171 to 0.016
Fish, per serving/day  0.026 −0.032 to 0.085
Eggs, per serving/day  0.000 −0.201 to 0.202
Dairy, per serving/day −0.016 −0.036 to 0.003
Soy, per serving/day −0.013 −0.018 to 0.082
Fruits, per serving/day  0.011 −0.021 to 0.043
Vegetables, per serving/day  0.002 −0.010 to 0.013
Whole grains, per serving/day  0.001 −0.014 to 0.017
Refined grains, per serving/day −0.009 −0.017 to 0.000
Potatoes, per serving/day −0.015 −0.053 to 0.024
Sweets, per serving/day  0.013 −0.002 to 0.027
Oral contraceptive use, ever vs never −0.013 −0.037 to 0.011
Exogenous estrogen use, current vs past/never  0.225  0.043 to 0.408
Exogenous estrogen use, ever vs never  0.083  0.012 to 0.153
Years since menopause, per 5-year increment  0.001 −0.007 to 0.010
Menarche age, ≥13 vs <13 years −0.000 −0.021 to 0.021
Number of parities, ≥5 vs <5 −0.028 −0.062 to 0.006
Marital status, currently married vs not married −0.033  −0.062 to −0.003
a

Random-effects models were used to estimate adjusted means and CIs of log-transformed SHBG concentrations per 5-year age increment, BMI unit, 7.5 MET-h/week for physical activity, 10 cigarettes smoked/day, 10 grams of alcohol ingested/day, and 1 serving/day for dietary factors and according to exogenous estrogen use, oral contraceptive use, and reproductive history (years since menopause, menarche age, number of parities, and marital status) with adjustment for age (continuous), BMI (continuous), physical activity [MET-h/week (continuous)], cigarettes smoked per day (continuous), alcohol ingestion per day [in grams (continuous)], total energy intake (continuous), and all dietary factors and indices of reproductive history listed in the table that were not examined as the primary independent variable.