Table 3.
Bacterial membrane transporters responsible for the transport of osmoprotectants.
| Transport system | Osmoprotectants | Microorganism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| EctP | Betaine, ectoine, and proline | Corynebacterium glutamicum | Wood et al. (2001) |
| BetP | Betaine and glycine | Corynebacterium glutamicum | Wood et al. (2001) |
| BetT | Betaine, carnitine, and choline | Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas syringae | Chen and Beattie (2008) |
| BetU | Betaine, carnitine, and choline | E. coli | Ly et al. (2004) |
| BetS | Glycine betaine/proline | S. meliloti | Boscari et al. (2002) |
| BCCT | Betaine, carnitine, and choline | Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Ongagna-Yhombi et al. (2015) |
| BusA and QacT | Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, carnitine, and proline | Pediococcus pentosaceus, Tetragenococcus halophila | Baliarda et al. (2003) |
| Cbc | Betaine, carnitine, and choline | Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 | Chen et al. (2010) |
| GabP | Proline | B. subtilis | Zaprasis et al. (2014) |
| GltT | Glutamate | B. subtilis | Zhu and Stülke (2018) |
| GgtB | Glucosylglycerol, sucrose, and trehalose | Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 | Mikkat and Hagemann (2000) |
| OpuA | Dimethyl sulfoacetate, GB, homobetaine, and proline–betaine | Bacillsus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis | Wood et al. (2001), Hoffmann and Bremer (2011), Hoffmann and Bremer (2017) |
| OpuB | Choline | Bacillsus subtilis | Jebbar et al. (1997), Hoffmann and Bremer (2011), Hoffmann and Bremer (2017) |
| OpuC | Carnitine, choline, choline-o-sulfate, crotonobetaine, dimethyl sulfoacetate, ectoine, gamma-butyrobetaine, GB, homobetaine, and proline–betaine | Bacillsus subtilis, Pseudomonas syringae | Jebbar et al. (1997), Chen and Beattie (2007), Hoffmann and Bremer (2011), Hoffmann and Bremer (2017) |
| OpuD | Dimethyl sulfoacetate, GB, and proline | Bacillsus subtilis | Wood (2007), Hahne et al. (2010), Hoffmann and Bremer (2017) |
| OpuE | Proline | Bacillsus subtilis | Hoffmann and Bremer (2011), Hoffmann and Bremer (2017) |
| Porter II | Carnitine and GB | Listeria monocyogenes | Wood et al. (2001) |
| Prop and ProU | Glycine betaine, pipecolic acid, and proline–betaine | E. coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum | Gouesbet et al. (1992), Haardt et al. (1995), Wood et al. (2001) |
| PutPA | Proline | E. coli | Wood (2007) |
| TeaABC | Ectoine and hydroxyectoine | Halomonas elongata | Tetsch and Kunte (2002), Kuhlmann et al. (2008) |
| QacT | Proline and quaternary ammonium osmoprotectant | Lactobacillus plantarum | Wood et al. (2001) |