Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the two generations according to the history of adverse childhood experiences.
| Characteristics | Mothers, n (%) |
Offspring, n (%) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 1931) | With ACEs (n = 367) | Without ACEs (n = 1564) | P value | Total (n = 1931) | With ACEs (n = 271) | Without ACEs (n = 1660) | P value | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 56.7 (6.2) | 58.2 (6.6) | 56.4 (6.0) | <0.001 | 31.6 (4.4) | 31.3 (4.5) | 31.7 (4.4) | 0.220 |
| Residence | 0.164 | 0.473 | ||||||
| Urban | 974 (50.4) | 173 (47.1) | 801 (51.2) | 1439 (74.5) | 206 (76.0) | 1233 (74.3) | ||
| Rural | 957 (49.6) | 194 (52.9) | 763 (48.8) | 492 (25.5) | 65 (24.0) | 427 (25.7) | ||
| Family SES before age 18 years | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Low | 1168 (60.5) | 300 (81.7) | 868 (55.5) | 469 (24.3) | 114 (42.1) | 355 (21.4) | ||
| Middle | 636 (32.9) | 56 (15.3) | 580 (37.1) | 1219 (63.1) | 138 (50.9) | 1081 (65.1) | ||
| High | 127 (6.6) | 11 (3.0) | 116 (7.4) | 243 (12.6) | 19 (7.0) | 224 (13.5) | ||
| Educational levela | <0.001 | 0.224 | ||||||
| Low | 728 (37.7) | 182 (49.6) | 546 (34.9) | 610 (31.6) | 84 (31.0) | 526 (31.7) | ||
| Lower middle | 534 (27.7) | 91 (24.8) | 443 (28.3) | 342 (17.7) | 51 (18.8) | 291 (17.5) | ||
| Upper middle | 507 (26.3) | 77 (21.0) | 430 (27.5) | 424 (22.0) | 48 (2.5) | 376 (19.5) | ||
| High | 162 (8.4) | 17 (4.6) | 145 (9.3) | 555 (28.7) | 88 (32.5) | 467 (28.1) | ||
| Employment status | 0.756 | 0.357 | ||||||
| Employed | 1318 (68.3) | 248 (67.6) | 1070 (68.4) | 1307 (67.7) | 190 (70.1) | 1117 (57.9) | ||
| Housewife or unemployed | 613 (31.8) | 119 (32.4) | 494 (31.6) | 624 (32.3) | 81 (29.9) | 543 (32.7) | ||
| Household income | 0.006 | 0.886 | ||||||
| Lower | 510 (26.4) | 118 (32.2) | 392 (25.1) | 424 (22.0) | 58 (21.4) | 366 (22.1) | ||
| Lower middle | 491 (25.4) | 84 (22.9) | 407 (26.0) | 476 (24.7) | 72 (26.6) | 404 (24.3) | ||
| Upper middle | 475 (24.6) | 97 (26.4) | 378 (24.2) | 503 (26.1) | 68 (25.1) | 435 (26.2) | ||
| High | 455 (23.6) | 68 (18.5) | 387 (24.7) | 528 (27.3) | 73 (26.9) | 455 (27.4) | ||
| Number of siblings, mean (SD) | 4.6 (1.6) | 4.9 (1.7) | 4.5 (1.6) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.0) | 0.130 |
| Number of children, mean (SD) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.007 | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.292 |
The values in bold in the analysis results represent statistically significant differences.
a
Mothers' educational levels were classified as follows: low (below primary school), low-middle (primary school), middle–high (secondary school), and high (technical secondary school and above). Corresponding classifications for offspring: secondary school and below, high school and technical secondary school, junior college, and bachelor's degree or above.