Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of participants across the 3 groups.
| Variable | NAOMa (n=51) | COMb (n=48) | Control (n=48) | F test or chi-square test (df) | P value | ||||||||
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 20.49 (1.69) | 20.77 (1.68) | 20.06 (4.79) | 0.650 (2, 144)c | .52 | ||||||||
| Sex n (%) | 0.287 (2)d | .90 | |||||||||||
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Male | 10 (33) | 9 (30) | 11 (37) |
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Female | 41 (35) | 39 (33) | 37 (32) |
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| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.123 (2) d | .99 | |||||||||||
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Han | 47 (35) | 44 (33) | 44 (33) |
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Other | 4 (33) | 4 (33) | 4 (33) |
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| Grade, n (%) | 0.186 (2) d | .91 | |||||||||||
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Undergraduate | 45 (35) | 41 (32) | 42 (33) |
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Postgraduate | 6 (32) | 7 (37) | 6 (32) |
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| Student cadre status, n (%) | 0.805 (2) d | .67 | |||||||||||
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No | 33 (38) | 28 (32) | 27 (31) |
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Yes | 18 (31) | 20 (34) | 21 (36) |
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| Only-child status, n (%) | 3.344 (2) d | .19 | |||||||||||
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No | 27 (38) | 18 (25) | 26 (37) |
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Yes | 24 (32) | 30 (39) | 22 (29) |
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| Family annual income (CNY), n (%) | 1.856 (4) d | .78 | |||||||||||
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<100,000 (US $13,880) | 23 (35) | 19 (29) | 23 (35) |
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100,000-300,000 (US $13,880-$41,640) | 23 (33) | 26 (38) | 20 (29) |
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≥300,000 (US $41,640) | 5 (38) | 3 (23) | 5 (38) |
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| Smoking habits, n (%) | 1.74 (2) d | .77 | |||||||||||
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No | 49 (34) | 48 (33) | 47 (33) |
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Yes | 2 (67) | 0 (0) | 1 (33) |
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| Alcohol use in the past 6 months, n (%) | 4.005 (2) d | .36 | |||||||||||
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No | 32 (34) | 34 (36) | 28 (30) |
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<3 times a week | 19 (37) | 13 (25) | 20 (38) |
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3-5 times a week | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) |
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≥5 times a week | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
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| Reason for choosing a nursing major, n (%) | 0.437 (2) d | .80 | |||||||||||
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Not own will | 12 (32) | 12 (32) | 14 (37) |
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Own will | 39 (36) | 36 (33) | 34 (31) |
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| Have family members engaged in nursing, n (%) | 1.933 (2) d | .38 | |||||||||||
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No | 43 (37) | 38 (33) | 35 (30) |
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Yes | 8 (26) | 10 (32) | 13 (42) |
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| Have been diagnosed with mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression, n (%) | 4.908 (6) d | .57 | |||||||||||
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No | 47 (37) | 40 (32) | 39 (31) |
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Anxiety | 3 (25) | 4 (33) | 5 (42) |
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Depression | 1 (13) | 3 (38) | 4 (50) |
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Others | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 0 (0) |
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| Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 6.73 (4.05) | 7.42 (5.01) | 6.98 (4.53) | 0.293 (2, 144) c | .75 | ||||||||
| Anxiety symptoms, mean (SD) | 5.41 (3.72) | 6.60 (4.75) | 5.42 (4.25) | 1.267 (2, 144) c | .29 | ||||||||
| Fatigue, mean (SD) | 7.06 (3.37) | 7.44 (3.68) | 7.27 (3.62) | 0.141 (2, 144) c | .87 | ||||||||
| Quality of sleep, mean (SD) | 20.94 (4.14) | 22.73 (4.62) | 22.04 (4.91) | 1.947 (2, 144) c | .15 | ||||||||
| Personality-neuroticism, mean (SD) | 22.75 (8.45) | 25.04 (7.83) | 23.73 (7.41) | 1.044 (2, 144) c | .36 | ||||||||
| Resilience, mean (SD) | 29.02 (5.73) | 27.63 (4.79) | 29.21 (4.83) | 1.364 (2, 144) c | .26 | ||||||||
| Mindfulness, mean (SD) | 15.08 (4.97) | 15.40 (4.79) | 14.96 (4.36) | 0.110 (2, 144) c | .90 | ||||||||
aNAOM: neurofeedback-assisted online mindfulness intervention.
bCOM: conventional online mindfulness intervention.
cF test.
dChi-square test.