Table 3.
Results of the GEEa analysis.
| Variables | T1b, mean (SD) | T2c, mean (SD) | T3d, mean (SD) | T4e, mean (SD) | Time simple effect, P value | Main group, P value | Main time, P value | Interaction, P value | ||||||||||||
| Depressive symptoms | .09 | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||||||||||||
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Group 1f | 6.73 (4.05) | 2.27 (2.69)g | 5.24 (4.86)g,h | 3.22 (4.04)g,i | <.001 |
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Group 2j | 7.42 (5.01) | 3.73 (3.21)g,k | 5.75 (4.45)g,h | 5.25 (5.38)g,h | <.001 |
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Group 3l | 6.98 (4.53) | 5.60 (4.36)g,j,m | 5.54 (5) | 4.67 (3.98)g,h | .001 |
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Group simple effect, P value | .75 | <.001 | .86 | .07 | —n |
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| Anxiety symptoms | .001 | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||||||||||||
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Group 1 | 5.41 (3.72) | 1.82 (2)g | 3.06 (3.37)g,h | 1.55 (2.36)g,i | <.001 |
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Group 2 | 6.60 (4.75) | 3.54 (3.05)g,k | 5.20 (4.68)g,h,k | 3.58 (4.57)g,i,k | <.001 |
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Group 3 | 5.42 (4.25) | 5.29 (4.07)k,m | 3.96 (4.23)g,h | 3.12 (3.69)g,h,k | <.001 |
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Group simple effect, P value | .29 | <.001 | .04 | .005 | — |
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| Fatigue | .16 | <.001 | .001 | |||||||||||||||||
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Group 1 | 7.06 (3.37) | 3.92 (3.24)g | 4.96 (4.20)g,h | 3.67 (3.45)g,i | <.001 |
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Group 2 | 7.44 (3.68) | 4.31 (3.26)g | 5.54 (3.70)g,h | 5.02 (3.77)g | <.001 |
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Group 3 | 7.27 (3.62) | 6.54 (3.81)k,m | 5.21 (3.83)g,h | 4.98 (3.76)g,h | <.001 |
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Group simple effect, P value | .87 | <.001 | .76 | .11 | — |
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| Quality of sleep | .07 | 0.001 | — | |||||||||||||||||
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Group 1 | 20.94 (4.14) | 18.25 (4.27)g | 17.45 (4.40)g | 16.10 (4.15)g,h,i | <.001 |
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Group 2 | 22.73 (4.62) | 19.56 (4.91)g | 18.79 (4.40)g | 17.04 (4.08)g,h,i | <.001 |
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Group 3 | 22.04 (4.91) | 19.75 (4.91)g | 19.85 (6.14)g | 17.67 (5.64)g,h,i | <.001 |
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Group simple effect, P value | .15 | .31 | .06 | .25 | — |
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| Personality-neuroticism | .19 | <.001 | — | |||||||||||||||||
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Group 1 | 22.75 (8.45) | 17.82 (9.24)g | 18.24 (9.87)g | 15.76 (10.30)g,h,i | <.001 |
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Group 2 | 25.04 (7.83) | 19.48 (9.73)g | 21.58 (10.30)g,h | 19.04 (10.56)g,i | <.001 |
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Group 3 | 23.73 (7.41) | 19.65 (9.09)g | 19.33 (9.56)g | 18.85 (9.08)g | .02 |
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Group simple effect, P value | .36 | .56 | .24 | .19 | — |
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| Resilience | .66 | .002 | — | |||||||||||||||||
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Group 1 | 29.02 (5.73) | 30.76 (4.16) | 31.25 (5.19)g | 31.08 (6.17) | .20 |
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Group 2 | 27.63 (4.79) | 30.88 (5.63)g | 30.27 (5.24)g | 31.40 (5.66)g | 0.003 |
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Group 3 | 29.21 (4.83) | 29.33 (5.91) | 30.15 (6.61) | 30.48 (5.8) | .18 |
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Group simple effect, P value | .26 | .28 | .57 | .74 | — |
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| Mindfulness | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||||||||||||
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Group 1 | 15.08 (4.97) | 7.90 (2.77)g | 13.24 (5.52)g | 12.33 (5.01)g,h | <.001 |
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Group 2 | 15.40 (4.79) | 11.67 (3.28)k,m | 14.92 (4.61) | 13.67 (4.86)g,h,i | <.001 |
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Group 3 | 14.96 (4.36) | 14.58 (4.69)k,m | 15.23 (5.56) | 14.58 (5.48) | .83 |
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Group simple effect, P value | .90 | <.001 | .13 | .09 | — |
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aGEE: generalized estimating equation.
bT1: baseline.
cT2: postintervention.
dT3: 1-month follow-up.
eT4: 3-month follow-up.
fGroup 1: neurofeedback-assisted online mindfulness intervention group.
gSignificant compared with baseline.
hSignificant compared with postintervention.
iSignificant compared with 1-month follow-up.
jGroup 2: conventional online mindfulness intervention group
kSignificant compared with group 1.
lGroup 3: control group.
mSignificant compared with group 2.
nNot applicable.