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. 2025 May 23;27:e71741. doi: 10.2196/71741

Table 3.

Results of the GEEa analysis.

Variables T1b, mean (SD) T2c, mean (SD) T3d, mean (SD) T4e, mean (SD) Time simple effect, P value Main group, P value Main time, P value Interaction, P value
Depressive symptoms .09 <.001 <.001

Group 1f 6.73 (4.05) 2.27 (2.69)g 5.24 (4.86)g,h 3.22 (4.04)g,i <.001



Group 2j 7.42 (5.01) 3.73 (3.21)g,k 5.75 (4.45)g,h 5.25 (5.38)g,h <.001



Group 3l 6.98 (4.53) 5.60 (4.36)g,j,m 5.54 (5) 4.67 (3.98)g,h .001



Group simple effect, P value .75 <.001 .86 .07 n


Anxiety symptoms .001 <.001 <.001

Group 1 5.41 (3.72) 1.82 (2)g 3.06 (3.37)g,h 1.55 (2.36)g,i <.001



Group 2 6.60 (4.75) 3.54 (3.05)g,k 5.20 (4.68)g,h,k 3.58 (4.57)g,i,k <.001



Group 3 5.42 (4.25) 5.29 (4.07)k,m 3.96 (4.23)g,h 3.12 (3.69)g,h,k <.001



Group simple effect, P value .29 <.001 .04 .005


Fatigue .16 <.001 .001

Group 1 7.06 (3.37) 3.92 (3.24)g 4.96 (4.20)g,h 3.67 (3.45)g,i <.001



Group 2 7.44 (3.68) 4.31 (3.26)g 5.54 (3.70)g,h 5.02 (3.77)g <.001



Group 3 7.27 (3.62) 6.54 (3.81)k,m 5.21 (3.83)g,h 4.98 (3.76)g,h <.001



Group simple effect, P value .87 <.001 .76 .11


Quality of sleep .07 0.001

Group 1 20.94 (4.14) 18.25 (4.27)g 17.45 (4.40)g 16.10 (4.15)g,h,i <.001



Group 2 22.73 (4.62) 19.56 (4.91)g 18.79 (4.40)g 17.04 (4.08)g,h,i <.001



Group 3 22.04 (4.91) 19.75 (4.91)g 19.85 (6.14)g 17.67 (5.64)g,h,i <.001



Group simple effect, P value .15 .31 .06 .25


Personality-neuroticism .19 <.001

Group 1 22.75 (8.45) 17.82 (9.24)g 18.24 (9.87)g 15.76 (10.30)g,h,i <.001



Group 2 25.04 (7.83) 19.48 (9.73)g 21.58 (10.30)g,h 19.04 (10.56)g,i <.001



Group 3 23.73 (7.41) 19.65 (9.09)g 19.33 (9.56)g 18.85 (9.08)g .02



Group simple effect, P value .36 .56 .24 .19


Resilience .66 .002

Group 1 29.02 (5.73) 30.76 (4.16) 31.25 (5.19)g 31.08 (6.17) .20



Group 2 27.63 (4.79) 30.88 (5.63)g 30.27 (5.24)g 31.40 (5.66)g 0.003



Group 3 29.21 (4.83) 29.33 (5.91) 30.15 (6.61) 30.48 (5.8) .18



Group simple effect, P value .26 .28 .57 .74


Mindfulness <.001 <.001 <.001

Group 1 15.08 (4.97) 7.90 (2.77)g 13.24 (5.52)g 12.33 (5.01)g,h <.001



Group 2 15.40 (4.79) 11.67 (3.28)k,m 14.92 (4.61) 13.67 (4.86)g,h,i <.001



Group 3 14.96 (4.36) 14.58 (4.69)k,m 15.23 (5.56) 14.58 (5.48) .83



Group simple effect, P value .90 <.001 .13 .09


aGEE: generalized estimating equation.

bT1: baseline.

cT2: postintervention.

dT3: 1-month follow-up.

eT4: 3-month follow-up.

fGroup 1: neurofeedback-assisted online mindfulness intervention group.

gSignificant compared with baseline.

hSignificant compared with postintervention.

iSignificant compared with 1-month follow-up.

jGroup 2: conventional online mindfulness intervention group

kSignificant compared with group 1.

lGroup 3: control group.

mSignificant compared with group 2.

nNot applicable.