Table 5.
Simple effects of time.
Variables | MDa (SE) | df | P value | Generalized η2 | |||||||
Depressive symptoms | |||||||||||
|
Group 1b | 0.162 | |||||||||
|
|
T2c-T1d | −4.451 (0.605) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3e-T1 | −1.490 (0.572) | 50 | .02 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4f-T1 | −3.510 (0.485) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 2.961 (0.710) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | 0.941 (0.580) | 50 | .38 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −2.020 (0.430) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
Group 2g | 0.078 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −3.688 (0.662) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −1.667 (0.610) | 47 | .04 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −2.167 (0.576) | 47 | .003 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 2.021 (0.563) | 47 | .004 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | 1.521 (0.667) | 47 | .03 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −0.500 (0.490) | 47 | .74 |
|
|||||
|
Group 3h | 0.034 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −1.375 (0.579) | 47 | .02 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −1.438 (0.754) | 47 | .06 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −2.313 (0.620) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | −0.063 (0.405) | 47 | .88 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | −0.938 (0.360) | 47 | .01 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −0.875 (0.463) | 47 | .07 |
|
|||||
Anxiety symptoms | |||||||||||
|
Group 1 | 0.215 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −3.588 (0.529) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −2.353 (0.556) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −3.863 (0.482) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 1.235 (0.364) | 50 | .01 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | −0.275 (0.291) | 50 | .78 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −1.510 (0.389) | 50 | .002 |
|
|||||
|
Group 2 | 0.081 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −3.063 (0.793) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −1.417 (0.646) | 47 | .03 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −3.021 (0.527) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 1.646 (0.661) | 47 | .02 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | 0.042 (0.753) | 47 | .96 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −1.604 (0.584) | 47 | .01 |
|
|||||
|
Group 3 | 0.053 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −0.125 (0.626) | 47 | .84 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −1.458 (0.607) | 47 | .02 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −2.292 (0.555) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | −1.333 (0.461) | 47 | .01 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | −2.167 (0.481) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −0.833 (0.490) | 47 | .10 |
|
|||||
Fatigue | |||||||||||
|
Group 1 | 0.124 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −3.137 (0.465) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −2.098 (0.628) | 50 | .01 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −3.392 (0.505) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 1.039 (0.480) | 50 | .04 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | −0.255 (0.485) | 50 | .95 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −1.294 (0.430) | 50 | .02 |
|
|||||
|
Group 2 | 0.095 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −3.125 (0.444) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −1.896 (0.532) | 47 | .01 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −2.417 (0.524) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 1.229 (0.440) | 47 | .04 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | 0.708 (0.535) | 47 | .55 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −0.521 (0.541) | 47 | .77 |
|
|||||
|
Group 3 | 0.061 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −0.729 (0.526) | 47 | .17 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −2.062 (0.511) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −2.292 (0.456) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | −1.333 (0.587) | 47 | .03 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | −1.562 (0.549) | 47 | .01 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −0.229 (0.537) | 47 | .67 |
|
|||||
Mindfulness | |||||||||||
|
Group 1 | 0.244 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −7.176 (0.784) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −1.843 (1.140) | 50 | .38 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −2.745 (0.911) | 50 | .02 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 5.333 (0.888) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | 4.431 (0.851) | 50 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −0.902 (0.790) | 50 | .67 |
|
|||||
|
Group 2 | 0.098 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −3.729 (0.802) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | −0.479 (0.887) | 47 | .59 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −1.729 (0.837) | 47 | .04 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 3.250 (0.777) | 47 | <.001 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | 2.000 (0.727) | 47 | .01 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −1.250 (0.635) | 47 | .05 |
|
|||||
|
Group 3 | 0.003 | |||||||||
|
|
T2-T1 | −0.375 (0.919) | 47 | .98 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T1 | 0.271 (1.049) | 47 | .99 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T1 | −0.375 (0.950) | 47 | .98 |
|
|||||
|
|
T3-T2 | 0.646 (0.736) | 47 | .82 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T2 | <0.001 (0.678) | 47 | .99 |
|
|||||
|
|
T4-T3 | −0.646 (0.908) | 47 | .89 |
|
aMD: mean difference.
bGroup 1: neurofeedback-assisted online mindfulness intervention group.
cT2: postintervention.
dT1: baseline.
eT3: 1-month follow-up.
fT4: 3-month follow-up.
gGroup 2: conventional online mindfulness intervention group.
hGroup 3: control group.