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. 2025 Jun 3;13:1299. Originally published 2024 Oct 30. [Version 3] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.157041.3

Table 2. Unit Root Test (ADF).

Null hypothesis: Series has a unit root
Level First difference Order of integration
t-Statistic p-Value t-Statistic p-Value
LnNSE 0.65331 0.8540 10.66795 0.0000 I(1)
LnWPI 2.86468 0.0518 4.34557 0.0005 I(1)
LnSP 1.85264 0.3541 6.39621 0.0000 I(1)
LnREPO 0.12702 0.9669 4.35494 0.0005 I(1)
LnM3 2.66303 0.0827 2.93487 0.0436 I(1)
LnINT 1.59587 0.4825 4.88953 0.0001 I(1)
LnIMP 2.92610 0.0445 8.53574 0.0000 I(1)
LnIIP 6.05275 0.0000 I(0)
LnGP 2.25023 0.1896 6.64226 0.0000 I(1)
LnGFD 2.73658 0.2541 6.39573 0.0000 I(1)
LnGDP 4.03958 0.0016 I(0)
LnFII 9.05679 0.0000 I(0)
LnFER 1.50637 0.5281 3.54933 0.0079 I(1)
LnEXP 2.78522 0.0625 7.85539 0.0000 I(1)
LnER 1.64973 0.4550 5.14721 0.0000 I(1)
LnCPI 2.02833 0.2746 9.32421 0.0000 I(1)
LnCOP 1.58457 0.4882 6.58330 0.0000 I(1)
LnCMR 1.55676 0.5024 6.17225 0.0000 I(1)
LnBOP 4.32833 0.0006 I(0)