Table 2-3.
Leading 20 Risk Factors of YLL and Death in the United States: Rank, Number, and Percentage Change, 1990 and 2019
| Risk factors for disability | YLL rank (for total number) | Total No. of YLLs, in thousands (95% UI) | Percent change, 1990–2019 (95% UI) | Corresponding total No. of deaths, in thousands (95% UI) | Corresponding percent change, 1990–2019 (95% UI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | Total No. of YLLs | Age-standardized YLL rate | 1990 | 2019 | Total No. of deaths | Age-standardized death rate | ||
| Smoking | 1 | 1 | 11 005.06 (10 692.42 to 11 351.22) | 10 371.03 (10 017.19 to 10 728.28) | −5.76% (−8.46% to −2.93%) | −46.43% (−47.91% to −44.85%) | 515.41 (496.77 to 537.03) | 527.74 (505.55 to 550.83) | 2.39% (−1.3% to 6.28%) | −42.21% (−44.18% to −40.15%) | |
| High SBP | 2 | 2 | 8466.11 (7465.95 to 9424.27) | 7815.63 (6814.38 to 8821.87) | −7.68% (−13.09% to −2.58%) | −45.76% (−48.82% to −42.81%) | 503.63 (425.60 to 573.56) | 495.20 (407.47 to 574.65) | −1.67% (−9.73% to 6.05%) | −45.94% (−49.57% to −42.07%) | |
| High BMI | 4 | 3 | 4994.23 (3131.76 to 6877.86) | 7778.57 (5416.09 to 9912.24) | 55.75% (41.31% to 80.47%) | −9.18% (−17.75% to 5.86%) | 232.16 (138.00 to 334.08) | 393.86 (257.61 to 528.44) | 69.65% (52.54% to 98.96%) | −5.82% (−15.3% to 10%) | |
| High FPG | 5 | 4 | 4664.81 (3563.73 to 6006.04) | 7121.62 (5548.50 to 9006.14) | 52.67% (37.87% to 68%) | −12.25% (−20.59% to −3.79%) | 263.41 (193.27 to 355.67) | 439.38 (320.11 to 582.66) | 66.81% (48.24% to 85.48%) | −8.01% (−17.9% to 2.09%) | |
| Drug use | 18 | 5 | 999.47 (899.54 to 1135.28) | 4265.41 (4080.78 to 4494.41) | 326.77% (277.64% to 372.57%) | 242.34% (202.34% to 280.43%) | 24.76 (22.26 to 27.73) | 104.74 (100.39 to 109.98) | 323.09% (280.5% to 364.71%) | 214.02% (181.7% to 245.57%) | |
| Alcohol use | 6 | 6 | 2708.90 (2327.61 to 3129.89) | 3936.71 (3457.94 to 4524.58) | 45.33% (30.7% to 60.18%) | −5.97% (−14.74% to 2.75%) | 76.48 (61.08 to 93.37) | 136.66 (115.68 to 162.66) | 78.69% (54.74% to 108.25%) | 6.66% (−6.18% to 22.33%) | |
| High LDL-C | 3 | 7 | 6291.91 (5210.65 to 7354.85) | 3863.72 (3077.21 to 4730.88) | −38.59% (−43.38% to −34.18%) | −63.6% (−66.17% to −61.13%) | 353.09 (267.44 to 443.65) | 226.34 (158.85 to 304.37) | −35.9% (−43.1% to −29.38%) | −64.86% (−68.02% to −61.77%) | |
| Kidney dysfunction | 7 | 8 | 2138.32 (1781.84 to 2527.38) | 3159.52 (2795.42 to 3536.01) | 47.76% (37.73% to 60.92%) | −13.36% (−19.3% to −5.75%) | 138.81 (111.85 to 167.70) | 214.74 (182.32 to 248.84) | 54.71% (43.24% to 69.01%) | −15% (−20.89% to −6.95%) | |
| Diet low in whole grains | 9 | 9 | 1897.21 (868.61 to 2445.35) | 1778.79 (855.23 to 2258.78) | −6.24% (−10% to 0.74%) | −44.83% (−47.05% to −40.69%) | 103.24 (46.57 to 133.79) | 102.25 (48.18 to 131.55) | −0.96% (−5.31% to 6.17%) | −45.32% (−47.42% to −41.37%) | |
| Low temperature | 13 | 10 | 1320.06 (1079.50 to 1579.76) | 1734.12 (1488.09 to 1989.52) | 31.37% (21.84% to 42.8%) | −28.03% (−33.6% to −21.47%) | 92.53 (76.50 to 108.86) | 123.09 (104.13 to 141.28) | 33.02% (24.01% to 42.4%) | −28.1% (33.15% to 22.91%) | |
| Diet low in legumes | 12 | 11 | 1471.67 (348.59 to 2464.41) | 1299.03 (337.88 to 2145.69) | −11.73% (−15.97% to 2.02%) | −48.26% (−50.62% to −39.91%) | 80.91 (20.30 to 134.49) | 76.84 (19.83 to 126.33) | −5.03% (−10.1% to 8.8%) | −48.05% (−50.45% to −41.09%) | |
| Diet high in red meat | 16 | 12 | 1258.35 (677.77 to 1830.45) | 1268.70 (754.94 to 1787.30) | 0.82% (−7.68% to 16.14%) | −40.06% (−45.03% to −30.7%) | 59.84 (31.13 to 88.85) | 65.65 (37.01 to 94.39) | 9.71% (−0.52% to 29.65%) | −38.55% (−44.31% to −27.11%) | |
| Diet high in trans fatty acids | 14 | 13 | 1311.91 (77.03 to 1776.96) | 1097.24 (55.44 to 1490.02) | −16.36% (−24.34% to −12.35%) | −50.97% (−55.84% to −48.6%) | 71.37 (4.33 to 97.34) | 64.39 (3.44 to 88.07) | −9.78% (−18.55% to −4.86%) | −50.56% (−55.32% to −48.06%) | |
| Diet high in processed meat | 19 | 14 | 850.40 (283.64 to 1366.73) | 969.35 (405.97 to 1459.61) | 13.99% (−0.22% to 53.8%) | −32.69% (−41.36% to −9.36%) | 42.16 (13.90 to 69.60) | 50.90 (20.97 to 78.62) | 20.71% (5.93% to 59.18%) | −32.15% (−40.76% to −9.05%) | |
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 8 | 15 | 2001.60 (842.72 to 3490.50) | 931.95 (526.95 to 1361.42) | −53.44% (−76.57% to 3.52%) | −71.21% (−84.9% to −39.42%) | 95.26 (37.62 to 171.26) | 47.79 (26.06 to 71.53) | −49.84% (−75.93% to 18.1%) | −71.29% (−85.9% to −33.4%) | |
| Diet high in sodium | 24 | 16 | 574.46 (36.43 to 1999.45) | 914.24 (61.08 to 2622.57) | 59.15% (25.57% to 270.02%) | −4.75% (−25.72% to 132.21%) | 31.62 (2.16 to 113.50) | 48.50 (3.26 to 151.35) | 53.38% (23.18% to 208.55%) | −13.04% (−30.53% to 82.94%) | |
| LBW | 10 | 17 | 1512.98 (1436.65 to 1601.27) | 853.24 (778.57 to 935.91) | −43.61% (−49.31% to −37.44%) | −38.47% (−44.69% to −31.75%) | 17.04 (16.18 to 18.03) | 9.61 (8.77 to 10.54) | −43.62% (−49.32% to −37.46%) | −38.49% (−44.71% to −31.77%) | |
| Short gestation | 11 | 18 | 1492.43 (1415.76 to 1577.76) | 830.26 (756.11 to 909.70) | −44.37% (−49.91% to −38.33%) | −39.3% (−45.36% to −32.72%) | 16.81 (15.94 to 17.77) | 9.35 (8.51 to 10.24) | −44.38% (−49.92% to −38.35%) | −39.32% (−45.37% to −32.74%) | |
| Secondhand smoke | 17 | 19 | 1072.52 (858.49 to 1288.00) | 765.32 (597.81 to 943.60) | −28.64% (−35.48% to −21.24%) | −58.57% (−62.38% to −54.53%) | 44.43 (35.48 to 53.61) | 35.58 (27.27 to 44.12) | −19.92% (−28.44% to −10.64%) | −55.34% (−59.81% to −50.32%) | |
| Diet low in fruits | 21 | 20 | 845.55 (505.63 to 1141.76) | 745.10 (463.85 to 1006.64) | −11.88% (−21.92% to 0.05%) | −47.98% (−53.6% to −41.37%) | 42.79 (25.00 to 57.89) | 40.17 (24.61 to 54.38) | 6.13% (−18.07% to 9.22%) | −47.6% (−53.99% to −39.31%) | |
During each annual GBD Study cycle, population health estimates are produced for the full time series. Improvements in statistical and geospatial modeling methods and the addition of new data sources may lead to changes in past results across GBD Study cycles.
BMI indicates body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; LBW, low birth weight; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UI, uncertainty interval; and YLL, year of life lost to premature mortality.
Source: Data derived from GBD Study 2019. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Used with permission. All rights reserved.105