. 2025 May 1;25(2):1–177.

Table 14:

Quality of Life, nVNS vs. Standard of Care, Prevention, Cluster Headache

Author, year (study)	Measure	Participants, nVNS/control, n	Mean change from baseline		Mean difference (95% CI)	P
Author, year (study)	Measure	Participants, nVNS/control, n	nVNS	Control	Mean difference (95% CI)	P
Gaul et al, 2016⁵³ (PREVA)	EQ-5D-3L index score	35/46	0.145	-0.049	0.194 (0.054-0.334)	.007
	EQ-5D-3L VAS score	35/45	9.2	0.27	8.93 (0.47-17.39)	.039
	HIT-6 score	37/45	-2.78	-0.47	-2.31 (NR)	NR

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; EQ-5D-3L, 3-level version of the EQ-5D; HIT-6, 6-item Headache Impact Test; NR, not reported; nVNS, noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation; VAS, visual analogue score.