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. 2025 May 1;25(2):1–177.

Table 24:

Acute Medication Use per First Treated Attack, nVNS vs. Control, Acute Treatment, Migraine

Author, year (study) Participants, nVNS/control, n Mean medication use per attack, Mean difference (95% CI) P
nVNS Control
Martelletti et al, 201864 (PRESTO) 120/123 Baseline: 0.86
Follow-up: 0.45
Baseline: 0.86
Follow-up: 0.55
-0.10 (NR) .055

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NR, not reported; nVNS, noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation.