TABLE 2.

Risk of bias via Cochrane ROB tool 2.0.

Study ID	Domain 1	Domain 2	Domain 3	Domain 4	Domain 5	Overall
Yang et al. (2012)	Unclear	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear
Zhao et al. (2013)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Luo et al. (2014)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear	Low risk	Unclear
Hu et al. (2015)	Unclear	Low risk	Unclear	High risk	Low risk	High risk
Yang (2015)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Yi and Zeng (2015)	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear	Unclear	Low risk	Unclear
Mei et al. (2016)	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear
He et al. (2017)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Zhan et al. (2017)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Zhao (2017)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear	Low risk	Unclear
Liu et al. (2018)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wang et al. (2018)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Wang (2018)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Deng (2020)	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear	High risk	Low risk	High risk
Sun et al. (2020)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Xu (2020)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Zhang (2021)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Xue et al. (2022)	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear
Li et al. (2023)	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear	Low risk	Low risk	Unclear
Wang and Dai (2023)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk
Liu et al. (2024)	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk

Domain 1: bias arising from the randomization process.

Domain 2: bias due to deviations from intended interventions.

Domain 3: bias due to missing outcome data.

Domain 4: bias in measurement of the outcome.

Domain 5: bias in selection of the reported result.