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. 2025 May 27;16:1610426. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1610426

TABLE 3.

Publication bias.

Indicators P value-Begg’s Bias estimate (SE) Adjust effect size [95% CI] a
Effective rate 0.099 11.000 (6.658) (−)
Normal and light fatty liver rate 0.602 1.000 (1.915) (−)
AST <0.001 −67.000 (20.207) −1.062 [−1.779, −0.346]
ALT <0.001 −112.000 (30.822) −1.148 [−2.534, 0.238]
GGT 0.458 −6.000 (8.083) (−)
BMI 0.624 2.000 (4.083) (−)
FBG 1.000 0.000 (4.083) (−)
TG 0.004 −59.000 (20.207) −1.200 [-1.738, −0.662]
TC 0.026 −45.000 (20.207) −1.361 [-1.869, −0.853]
HDL-C 0.404 8.000 (9.592) (−)
LDL-C 0.128 −17.000 (11.180) (−)
CRP 0.602 −1.000 (1.915) (−)
IL-6 0.497 −2.000 (2.944) (−)
TNF-α 0.128 −17.000 (11.180) (−)
Endotoxin 0.453 −5.000 (6.658) (−)

SE, standard error; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

a

Adjust effect size [95% CI] was the estimate after the trim-and-filling method if there was significant publication bias. Bold values indicated the statistically significant results.