TABLE 1.

Risk of bias of included studies.

Id	Sequence generation	Baseline characteristics	Allocation concealment	Random housing	Blinding of experimentalists	Random for outcome assessment	Blinding of outcome assessors	Incomplete outcome data	Selective outcome reporting	Other biases
Cui et al. (2023) (10)	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Cui. (2024) (25)	?	+	?	+	?	-	?	+	+	+
Gao et al. (2023) (26)	?	+	?	+	?	?	?	+	+	+
Gu et al. (2021) (11)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Guo et al. (2023) (12)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Han et al. (2019) (27)	+	+	+	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
He et al. (2021) (28)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Hong et al. (2018) (29)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Hou et al. (2020) (13)	?	+	?	+	?	?	-	+	+	+
Huang et al. (2017) (14)	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Jiang. (2021) (30)	?	+	?	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Li et al. (2024) (15)	?	+	?	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Li et al. (2024) (16)	-	+	-	+	-	-	?	+	+	+
Liang et al. (2021) (17)	?	+	?	+	-	-	?	+	+	+
Liang et al. (2023) (31)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Liao and Xu. (2016) (32)	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Peng et al. (2015) (33)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Qi et al. (2020) (9)	?	+	?	+	-	?	-	+	+	+
Ruan et al. (2020) (34)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Shi et al. (2024) (18)	?	+	?	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Song et al. (2020) (19)	?	+	?	-	-	-	-	+	+	+
Wang et al. (2021) (35)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Xiao et al. (2019a) (36)	?	+	?	+	?	-	-	+	+	+
Xie et al. (2023) (37)	?	+	?	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Xu et al. (2018a) (20)	?	+	?	+	-	-	?	+	+	+
Xu et al. (2018a) (38)	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Yang et al. (2023a) (21)	?	+	?	+	-	-	?	+	+	+
Yao. (2020) (22)	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+
Zhang et al. (2022) (24)	-	+	-	+	-	-	?	+	+	+
Zhang et al. (2024) (23)	-	+	-	-	-	-	?	+	+	+

Note: +, low risk of bias; −, high risk of bias; ? unclear risk of bias.