Table 4.

Near-work measurement characteristics and devices

Individual or environment	Technology used to measure near work	Near work parameter measured	Study ID
Individual	Clouclip	Distance and duration, Li also calculation of visual behaviour index	Wen et al. 2020 [30], Li et al. 2020 [31, 45], Zhang et al. 2023 [32]
	MyopiaApp and face-screen distance measure (camera) on smartphone	Distance and duration	Enthoven et al. 2021 [45]
	Akeso	Distance and duration	Fan et al. 2022 [34]
	Kinect-for-Windows	Dioptric volume (the total amount of net defocus)	Choi et al. 2020 [46]