Table 2.
Quality assessment of case–control studies using Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS)
| Reference | Adequate definition | Representative cases | Community controls | No history of disease for control | Comparability ** | Ascertainment ** | Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls | Same rate of non-response for both groups | #Yes/10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee., et al. (2020) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Brejawi., et al. (2022) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Ghanim et al., (2013) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| (Mafla et al. 2024) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Kim et al. (2016) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Cohort study | Representativeness of the exposed cohort | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Assessment of exposure | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study | Comparability | Assessment of outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur? | Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | #Yes/8 |
| Silva et al. (2019) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |