Table 2.

Effects of different HTAs on various host proteins hijacked by the virus for replication

Host-targeted antivirals (HTAs)
Type	Antiviral	Effect	Reference
Entry inhibitors	Maraviroc	Maraviroc is an antagonist of host receptor CCR5, binding and preventing its interaction with gp120 required for viral entry.	296
	Avoralstat Camostator Nafamostat	Serine protease inhibitors that target TMPRSS2 on host cells, required for entry of SARS CoV-2	88
Immune-stimulant	Interferon	Activates interferon stimulated genes to place host cells in an an antiviral state	297
Nucleotide depletion	Brequinar	Inhibitor of host Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), enzyme, required for de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Pyrimidine depletion impedes viral replication in host cells.	298
	Mycophenolic acid	Inhibitor of de novo purine biosynthesis pathway by interacting with host inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Purine depletion impedes viral replication in host cells.	299
Post-translational modification inhibitors	UV-4B	Binds to host factors responsible for the glycosylation of viral proteins which are essential post translational modifications to become functional	11
Nuclear import/export inhibitors	Minocycline, ATR-002	Targets host proteins in the MEK/ERK signalling pathway, which is crucial for the export of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs)	300