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. 2025 May 17;25:100572. doi: 10.1016/j.ese.2025.100572

Table 3.

Detection performance of various representative antibiotic detection strategies.

Antibiotic Detection strategy Examination range Detection limit Reference
Tetracycline Fluorescence 0–160 μM 1.73 nM [113]
Ofloxacin Colorimetric 0–90 nM 4.78 × 10−1 nM [117]
Ciprofloxacin SERS 0–104 nM 1 nM [119]
Norfloxacin Electrochemistry 0–30 μM 9.792 × 10−3 nM [126]
Azithromycin Fluorescence 0.1–105 pg mL−1 46 nM [159]
Erythromycin Electrochemistry 0–60 nM 18 fg mL−1 [160]
Penicillin Fluorescence 0.1–106 nM 0.0127 nM [167]
Amoxicillin SERS 0.04–30 μM 0.1 nM [178]
Fluorescence 0.01–106 nM 16 nM [166]
SERS 13.33‒6 × 104 μM 0.01 nM [178]
Electrochemistry 0–100 μM 0.85 nM [131]
Fluorescence 10−5‒10−11 M 17.8 nM [135]
SERS 1.43–429.12 μM 10−3 nM [184]
Electrochemistry 0–6 μM 0.849 pg mL−1 [188]
Fluorescence 0–100 nM 825 nM [26]
Colorimetric 2.39 nM [192]
Electrochemistry 15 nM [104]