TABLE 1.
Cardioprotective potentials of EGCG reported by various studies.
| Disease | Dose | Target (s) | Effect (s) | Model | Cell line/animal | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTN | 50, 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg |
Atgr2, Ace2, Agtr2, Ace, and Mas1 Ren mRNA |
Activated the intrarenal counter‐regulatory axis (ACE/AngII/AT2R) |
In vivo (animal) | Rat | [3] |
| 50 mg/kg | BH4, cGMP, eNOS, NOx‐2 | Antioxidant effects | In vivo (animal) | C57BL/6J mice | [8] | |
| 10 mg/kg | Oatp1a5, Oct1, P‐gp | Reduced nadolol bioavailability | In vivo (animal) | Rat | [167] | |
| 1 mM | KCNQ5 | Hyperpolarization of smooth muscle and vasodilation leading to mesenteric artery relaxation | In vitro (animal) in vivo (animal) |
Stages V and VI Xenopus laevis oocytes Rat |
[168] | |
| 50 mg/kg/12 h | MDA, S100A4 | Reduced urine volume, proteinuria, kidney fibrosis, oxidative, and inflammatory damage | In vivo (animal) | Dahl/SS rats | [169] | |
| 300 mg/kg | miRNA‐126a‐3p, miRNA‐150‐5p, SP1, AT1R | Upregulated miRNAs, which are mainly involved in vascular smooth cell or endothelial cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration, angiogenic pathways like MAPK and PI3K/Akt/eNOS | In vivo (animal) | SD rats | [170] | |
|
200 mg/kg 1–100 µM |
PI3K, NO, adiponectin |
Stimulated endothelial production of NO, which is dependent on activation of PI3K, thus reduced BP. Enhanced the ability of insulin to mediate vasorelaxation Improved insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels Mimicked vasodilator actions of insulin |
In vivo (animal) in vitro (animal) | WKY, male SHR‐mesenteric vascular beds isolated from SHR | [171] | |
| 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg/d | MFN‐2, KLF‐4/MFN‐2/p‐Erk1/2 signaling |
Inhibited pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells Promoted mitochondrial fusion and inhibited proliferation |
In vivo (animal) | Male SD rats | [172] | |
| 20 mg/h. | NF‐kB, GAD67, IL‐1b and TH | Restored the balance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters | In vivo (animal) | Male normotensive WKY rats | [173] | |
| 458 mmol/L | PAH, TH, DBH, PNMT, SOD1, HDAC7, Noxa1 | Altered epigenetic regulators antioxidant effect | In vivo (animal) | WKY rats | [174] | |
| 50 µM |
MAPK, MMP‐2, NF‐κB, Spm–Cer–S1P, SPHK, ERK1/2 SMase |
Anti‐proliferative effects | In vitro (animal) | Bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells | [175] | |
|
2.5 µM, 75 mg/kg |
HO‐1, p38 MAPK, Nrf‐2 |
Anti‐atherogenic effects | In vitro (human) in vivo (animal) | Human aortic endothelial cells, C57BL/6J mice | [176] | |
| 10 µM | NF‐κB, TNF‐α, ICAM, VCAM, CCL2 | Anti‐inflammatory effects | In vitro (human) | HCAECs | [100] | |
| 300 mg/day | Kisspeptin, NO |
Stimulated production of NO from endothelium Downregulated level of kisspeptin as a probable vasoactive substance |
Human (clinical) | — | [25] | |
| 800 mg/day | — | Anti‐hypertensive effects (reduced mean SBP: −2.85, DBP: −2.68 from baseline | Human (clinical) | — | [92] | |
| 300 mg/day | — | Anti‐hypertensive effects (reduced approximately mean SBP: −4.2%, DBP: −4.9%, MAP: −4.5% from baseline | Human (clinical) | — | [93] | |
| Cardiac hypertrophy | 10–100 µM | ANP, BNP, IKKβ/NF‐κB signaling, ERKs, p38, JNKs, AP‐1, c‐Fos, c‐Jun |
Blocked EGFR transactivation and its downstream events Attenuated NADPH oxidase |
In vitro (animal) in vivo (animal) |
Neonatal ventricular myocytes Male SD rats |
[177] |
| 50 mg/kg | ANP, MDA, GPx, SOD, CAT, NF‐κB AP‐1, MMP‐9 MMP‐2 |
Attenuated pressure overload‐induced LV hypertrophy Antioxidant effect |
In vivo (animal) | Male SD rats | [178] | |
| Stroke | — | — |
Delayed the stroke onset by 10% of the average lifespan Lowered the rate of increase in SBP and DBP Decreased nighttime and daytime HR |
In vivo (animal) | Malignant Stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats | [179] |
| 10–50 µM |
JNK signaling c‐jun mRNA |
Inhibited Ang II‐stimulated VSMC hypertrophy | In vitro (animal) | Aortic smooth muscle cells of SD rats | [180] | |
| Pre‐eclampsia | 100 mg | — | Enhanced the efficacy of nifedipine in pregnancy‐mediated severe pre‐eclampsia patients | Human (clinical) | Pregnant women | [181] |
| AAA | 20 mg/day (EGCG solution | TNF‐α, IL‐1β, MMP‐1, MMP‐9 |
Preserved the aortic thickness and elastin content of the medial layer via elastin regeneration Anti‐inflammatory effect |
In vivo (animal) | Male rats | [136] |
| CaCl2‐induced AAA | 250 mg/kg | Elastin, collagen fibrils |
Prevented aortic aneurysmal dilation Anti‐inflammatory effect |
In vivo (animal) | C57BL6 mice | [138] |
| AngII‐induced AAA | — | — | Reduced aortic aneurysm incidence | In vivo (animal) | C57BL6 mice | [139] |