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. 2025 Jun 11;48(1):500. doi: 10.1007/s10143-025-03647-2

Table 3.

Demographic overview categorized by socioeconomic status

Study ID Race Household income Insurance Area of living Marital status
Pollom 2018

Caucasian = 11,634;

African American = 640;

Other = 464

<$48,000 = 4,284; >$48,000 = 8,324; Unknown = 130

Private = 6858

Government-based = 5743

Unknown = 137

Metropolitan = 10,222

Urban = 20,179

Unknown = 437

-
Liu 2020

Caucasian = 23,101

Hispanic = 2872

African American = 1702

Asian = 1277

<$40,000 = 1388

$40,000–$60,000 = 8644

$60,000–$80,000 = 11,971

$80,000–$100,000 = 5552

>$100,000 = 1397

Private = 23,573

Not Insured = 760

Unknown = 4619

- -
Tosoni 2021 -

< 36,152€ = 35

36,153 − 70,000€ = 44

70,001-100,000€ = 7

> 100,000€ = 20

Government-based = 106

North Italy = 76

Central Italy = 16

South Italy = 14

-
Estevez-Ordonez 2023

Caucasian = 857

African American = 117

Others = 21

Low = 294

Middle = 691

High = 10

Private = 686,

Government-based = 273

Uninsured = 36

Metropolitan = 719

Micropolitan = 151

Rural = 38

Small town = 87

Married = 697

Widowed = 120

Single = 128

Unknown = 53

Xie 2018

Caucasian = 27,557

African American = 1692

Others = 1441

Unknown = 57

Quartile 1 = 7685

Quartile 2 = 7663

Quartile 3 = 7705

Quartile 4 = 7712

Insured = 20,059

Government-based = 2453

Uninsured = 754

Unknown = 7501

Northeast = 5028

South = 6472

North Central = 2996

West = 16,271

Married = 20,076

Divorced = 2872

Widowed = 3550

Single = 4269

Chang 2005

Caucasian = 10,032

African American = 486

Others = 454

Unknown = 15

- - -

Married = 7396

Divorced = 888

Widowed = 1339

Single = 1076

Seperated = 48

Rong 2016

African American = 806

Caucasian = 12,124

Other = 695

Unknown = 40

-

Private = 11,591

Government-based = 1516

Uninsured = 558

Alaska = 8

California = 5654

Connecticut = 701

Georgia = 1383

Hawaii = 113

Iowa = 620

Kentucky = 830

Louisiana = 651

Michigan = 701

New Jersey1505

New Mexico = 244

Utah = 377

Washington = 878

Married = 8613

Not married = 4607

Unknown = 445

Lynch 2012 Low income = 66 Government-based = 66 - -
Barnholtz-Sloan 2007

Caucasian = 645

Hispanic = 53

African American = 18

Asian = 25

≤ $30,000 = 427

> $30,000 = 1084

Government-based = 1530

North East = 282

South = 86

Midwest = 499

West = 663

Married = 980

Not married = 529

Hong 2022 -

Low = 8

Lower middle = 40

Government-based = 48

Urban = 21

Rural = 27

Married = 35

Widowed = 1

Single = 12

Hodges 2021

Caucasian = 81,900

Hispanic = 4815

Asian = 1638

African American = 5124

-

Private = 40,523

Government-based = 47,244

Uninsured = 3433

Unknown = 2277

Metropolitan = 73,567

Urban = 14,075

Rural = 1727

Unknown = 4108

-
Marta 2021 -

Private = 2436

Government-based = 2075

Metropolitan = 1296

Others = 3215

-
Bohn 2018

Caucasian = 2890

Hispanic = 192

Asian = 186

African American = 205

-

Private = 3029

Government-based = 283

Not insured = 97

- -
Pan 2015

Caucasian = 11,881

African American = 773

Asian = 623

Hispanic = 1411

- -

Northeast = 2561

Midwest = 1521

South = 2943

West = 7650

Married = 9707

Single = 1875

Unmarried = 2699

Unknown = 394

Bergqvist 2018 -

Low = 430

Middle = 478

Higher = 220

- - -
Kasl 2016

Caucasian = 205

Others = 13

Low = 65

Middle = 125

High = 28

Private = 100

Government-based = 118

-

Married = 59

Not married = 159