Table 3.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population by Functional Performance
| Characteristicsa | Overall (n = 8,647) | ADL negative (n = 7,524) | ADL positive (n = 1,123) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 57.0 (50.0-63.0)b | 57.0 (49.0-63.0) | 61.0 (55.0-68.0) | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 3,966 (45.9)c | 3,542 (47.1) | 424 (37.8) | <0.001 |
| Marital status, married (vs others) | 7,402 (85.6) | 6,485 (86.2) | 917 (81.7) | <0.001 |
| Residency, rural area (vs urban) | 5,737 (66.3) | 4,889 (65.0) | 848 (75.5) | <0.001 |
| Drinking | 2,854 (33.0) | 2,546 (33.8) | 308 (27.4) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 2,620 (30.4) | 2,334 (31.1) | 286 (25.5) | <0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Elementary school or below | 7,801 (90.2) | 6,723 (89.4) | 1,078 (96.0) | |
| Secondary school | 763 (8.8) | 722 (9.6) | 41 (3.7) | |
| College or above | 83 (1.0) | 79 (1.0) | 4 (0.4) | |
| Body height, cm | 1.6 (1.5-1.6) | 1.6 (1.5-1.6) | 1.6 (1.5-1.6) | <0.001 |
| Body weight, kg | 58.0 (51.3-65.9) | 58.3 (51.6-66.1) | 56.0 (48.8-64.5) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 (20.9-25.8) | 23.2 (21.0-25.8) | 23.0 (20.6-26.1) | 0.17 |
| BMI category, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 517 (6.0) | 419 (5.6) | 98 (8.7) | |
| Normal | 4,576 (52.9) | 4,007 (53.3) | 569 (50.7) | |
| Overweight | 2,547 (29.5) | 2,231 (29.7) | 316 (28.1) | |
| Obese | 1,007 (11.6) | 867 (11.5) | 140 (12.5) | |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 125.5 (113.0-140.0) | 125.0 (113.0-139.5) | 126.5 (113.5-142.5) | 0.11 |
| Diastolic | 74.0 (66.5-82.5) | 74.0 (67.0-82.5) | 74.0 (65.5-82.5) | 0.061 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 2,021 (23.5) | 1,683 (22.5) | 338 (30.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 471 (5.5) | 386 (5.2) | 85 (7.6) | 0.001 |
| Heart disease | 892 (10.3) | 710 (9.5) | 182 (16.3) | <0.001 |
| Use of medications | ||||
| Hypertension medications, yes | 1,425 (16.5) | 1,170 (15.6) | 255 (22.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes medications, yes | 262 (3.1) | 207 (2.8) | 55 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medications, yes | 344 (4.0) | 272 (3.7) | 72 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| Serum urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 15.1 (12.5-18.2) | 15.0 (12.5-18.1) | 15.3 (12.7-18.7) | 0.038 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | 0.7 (0.6-0.8) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 4.2 (3.5-5.1) | 4.3 (3.5-5.1) | 4.2 (3.5-5.0) | 0.010 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 90.9 (78.8-104.8) | 91.1 (79.1-105.0) | 90.5 (77.5-104.1) | 0.17 |
| Left hand grip strength, kg | 30.0 (24.0-37.5) | 30.0 (24.5-38.3) | 26.0 (20.0-33.0) | <0.001 |
| Right hand grip strength, kg | 31.0 (25.0-39.5) | 32.0 (25.5-40.0) | 27.0 (21.0-34.5) | <0.001 |
| HGS, normal | 7,291 (84.3) | 6,479 (86.1) | 812 (72.3) | <0.001 |
| Five-time chair stand test, s | 9.9 [(8.0-12.3) | 9.7 (7.8-12.0) | 11.5 (9.3-14.2) | <0.001 |
| Physical performance, normal | 6,261 (72.4) | 5,635 (74.9) | 626 (55.7) | <0.001 |
| ASMI, kg/m2 | 6.8 (5.9-7.6) | 6.9 (6.0-7.6) | 6.5 (5.6-7.3) | <0.001 |
| ASMI, normal | 6,910 (79.9) | 6,106 (81.2) | 804 (71.6) | <0.001 |
| Sarcopenia, grade, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No sarcopenia | 7,763 (89.8) | 6,869 (91.3) | 894 (79.6) | |
| Sarcopenia | 653 (7.6) | 503 (6.7) | 150 (13.4) | |
| Severe sarcopenia | 231 (2.7) | 152 (2.0) | 79 (7.0) | |
| Sarcopenia, binary, yes | 884 (10.2) | 655 (8.7) | 229 (20.4) | <0.001 |
| CKD onset during 2011-2018 | 940 (10.9) | 734 (9.8) | 206 (18.3) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living score; ASMI, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HGS, handgrip strength.
a
Missing data, smoking = 16, systolic blood pressure = 59, diastolic blood pressure = 59, hypertension = 34, diabetes = 63, heart disease = 26, hypertension medications = 35, diabetes medications = 65, lipid-lowering medications = 152, serum urea nitrogen = 2,092, serum creatinine = 2,106, and cystatin C = 3,781.
b
Median (interquartile range), all such values.
c
Number (percentage), all such values.