Table 1.
Extraction yield (EY), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity for different test conditions of GCSE.
| Test No. | T | P (Mpa) | Co (%) | EY⁎ (%) |
TPC⁎ (mg GAE/g dw) |
Antioxidant Activity⁎ |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPPH (%) | ABTS●+ (%) | ||||||
| GCSE1 | 40 | 20 | 20 | 5.403 f ± 0.398 | 26.046 e ± 0.350 | 76.600 e ± 0.254 | 78.431 e ± 0.222 |
| GCSE 2 | 50 | 20 | 20 | 6.776 e ± 0.433 | 27.088 de ± 0.450 | 79.283 d ± 0.936 | 80.613 d ± 0.847 |
| GCSE 3 | 60 | 20 | 20 | 7.582 e ± 0.232 | 27.413 d ± 617 | 80.757 cd ± 0.601 | 82.168 c ± 0.485 |
| GCSE 4 | 70 | 20 | 20 | 8.819 d ± 0.374 | 27.577 d ± 0.241 | 81.044 c ± 0.645 | 82.288 c ± 0.541 |
| GCSE 5 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 10.141 c ± 0.423 | 31.788 c ± 0.158 | 85.767 b ± 0.548 | 87.381 b ± 0.515 |
| GCSE 6 | 50 | 30 | 20 | 10.741 c ± 0.136 | 32.403 c ± 0.325 | 87.195 b ± 0.087 | 88.414 b ± 0.183 |
| GCSE 7 | 60 | 30 | 20 | 12.405 b ± 0.374 | 34.645 b ± 0.435 | 89.580 a ± 0.456 | 91.400 a ± 0.551 |
| GCSE 8 | 70 | 30 | 20 | 14.937 a ± 0.281 | 36.350 a ± 0.277 | 89.762 a ± 0.471 | 91.792 a ± 462 |
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||
| F-value | 244.60 | 314.5 | 241.02 | 294.65 | |||
⁎
Mean ± SD, n = 3. Different letters (a-e) within each column indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Temperature (T), Pressure (P), Co-solvent content (Co). Note: EY (%) refers to the extraction yield calculated based on the initial sample weight of 21 g.