Table 1.
Targeting mitophagy and mitophagy-related signaling in kidney disease.
| Treatment | Type | Stage | Target Pathway | Key Indication | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TJ0113 | Small molecule | Phase II | PINK1/Parkin activation | AS | [137] |
| Magnolol | Natural metabolite | Experimental | FUNDC1/BNIP3 activation | CKD fibrosis | [138] |
| Huangkui Capsule | Herbal formulation | Phase IV | STING1/PINK1 axis | DCKD | [139] |
| Astragaloside IV | Botanical extract | Experimental | PINK1/Parkin modulation | DCKD-TI | [140] |
| Metformin | AMPK agonist | Off-label use | AMPK/PINK1/Parkin | DCKD | [141] |
| LY344864 | 5-HT1F receptor agonist | Preclinical | Mitochondrial biogenesis | AKI | [142] |
| MitoQ | Synthetic antioxidant | Phase II | mtROS | DCKD/HCKD | [143] |
| Elamipretide | Mitochondrial peptide | Phase II | Mitochondrial cristae | DCKD | [144] |
| Urolithin A | Natural metabolite | Experimental | Mitophagy in tubular cells | HN | [145] |
| Pirfenidone | Anti-fibrotic | Phase II | Reduces kidney fibrosis | DCKD | [146] |
| Selonsertib | ASK1 inhibitor | Phase II | JNK pathway | DCKD | [147] |
| Esculetin | Coumarin derivative | Experimental | PINK1/Parkin mitophagy | DOX-induced KI | [148] |
| Lademirsen | miR-21 antagonist | Phase II | Inflammatory pathways | AS | [149] |
Abbreviations: AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; 5-HT1F, 5-hydroxytryptamine; ASK1, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1; FUNDC1, FUN14 domain-containing 1; BNIP3, BCL2 Interacting Protein 3; STING, Stimulator of Interferon Genes; mtROS; mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; JNK, Jun kinase; AS, Alport syndrome; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DCKD, diabetic chronic kidney disease; HCKD, hypertensive chronic kidney disease; TI, tubulointerstitial injury; AKI, acute kidney injury; HN, hyperuricemic nephropathy; DOX, doxorubicine.