Skip to main content
. 2005 Aug 25;5:32. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-5-32

Table 1.

Study and sample characteristics of reports on parents' psychological adjustment

Reports included in meta-analysis N Design Comparison Group Parent Gender Child Impairment1 Child Age Child Treatment Outcome Measure2
Barakat & Linney, 1992 [31] 29       Prospective Control Mothers SB
(MMC-non retarded)      		 6–11 Early BSI
Barakat & Linney, 1995 [32] 29 Prospective Control Mothers SB
(MMC-non retarded)		 6–11 Early BSI
Evans, Tew, & Laurence, 1986 [48] 124 Longitudinal Control Fathers Combined: NTD 18 Late General Health Questionnaire
Fagan & Schor, 1993 [61] 50 Prospective Norm scores Mothers SB M = 8.1 Early Malaise Inventory
Holmbeck, Gorey-Ferguson, Hudson, Seefeldt, Shapera, Turner, & Uhler, 1997 [43] 55 Prospective Control Mothers & fathers SB 8–9 Early SCL-90R
Horton & Wallander, 2001 [23] 33 Prospective Norm scores Mothers SB M = 10.6 Early BSI
Kazak & Marvin, 1984 [62] 56 Prospective Control Mothers & fathers SB (MMC) 1–16 Early Langner Symptom Checklist
King, King, Rosenbaum, & Goffin, 1999 [22] 164 Prospective Norm scores Mothers & fathers Combined: CP, SB, NOS 3–6 Early SCL-90R
Kronenberger & Thompson, 1992 [20] 66 Prospective Norm scores Mothers SB (MMC) 0–18 Early SCL-90R
Kronenberger & Thompson, 1992 [21] 66 Prospective Norm scores Mothers SB (MMC) 0–18 Early SCL-90R
Lemanek, Jones, & Lieberman, 2000 [56] 59 Prospective Norm scores Mothers SB-non retarded 3–16 Early SCL-90R
Tew & Laurence, 1973 [33] 51 Longitudinal Norm scores Mothers SB M = 11.6 Late Malaise Inventory
Tew & Laurence, 1975 [34] 51 Longitudinal None Mothers SB M = 11.6 Late Malaise Inventory
Wallander, Varni, Babani, DeHaan, Thompson, Wilcox, & Tweddle Banis, 1989 [14] 50 Prospective Norm scores Mothers Combined: SB, CP 6–11 Early Malaise Inventory
Wiegner & Donders, 2000 [45] 34 Prospective Norm scores Mothers SB 3–12 Early BSI
Reports excluded from meta-analysis N Design Comparison Group Parent Gender Child Impairment1 Child Age Child Treatment Outcome Measure2
Dorner, 1973 [63] 63 Prospective None Mothers SB 13–19 Late Malaise Inventory
Dorner, 1974 [44] 63 Prospective None Mothers SB 13–19 Late Malaise Inventory
Dorner, 1975 [64] 63 Prospective None Mothers SB 13–19 Late Malaise Inventory
Dorner & Atwell, 1985 [65] 25 Prospective None Mothers & fathers Non-surviving SB - - Malaise Inventory
Downey, 1981 [66] Cohorts None - Combined: SB, Down syndrome 0–2 - Standardized questionnaire
Eden-Piercy, Blacher, & Eyman, 1986 [67] 77 Prospective None Mothers Combined: SB, autistism, mentally retarded 1–10 Early Questionnaire on emotions
Hare, Laurence, Payne, & Rawnsley, 1966 [52] 120 Longitudinal None Mothers & fathers Combined: SB, ANC, HYDRO Late Semi-structured interview
Kazak, 1987 [46] 125 Prospective Control Mothers & fathers Combined: SB, PKU, mentally retarded 1–16 Early Langner Symptom Checklist
Kolin, Scherzer, New, & Garfield, 1971 [68] 13 Prospective None Mothers SB (MMC) 7–11 Late Psychiatric observation
Kronenberger, 1991(abstract) [69] 66 Prospective None Mothers SB (MMC) 0–18 Early SCL-90R
Loebig, 1990 [70] 10 Prospective None Mothers SB (MMC) 5–11 Early Semi-structured interview
McAndrew, 1976 [47] 116 Retrospective None Mothers & fathers Combined: MMC, CP, limb deficit 5–10 - Semi-structured interview
Murdoch, 1984 [53] 109 Retrospective None Mothers SB 2–10 Early Semi-structured interview
Nielsen, 1980 [54] 30 Longitudinal None Mothers SB (MMC) 0–6 Early Semi-structured interview
Richards & McIntosh, 1973 [71] 86 Prospective None Mothers & fathers SB (SBA) 2–6 Late Semi-structured interview
Rolle, Niemeyer, & Grafe, 2000 [72] 80 Retrospective None Mothers & fathers Combined: SB, HYDRO 0–18 Early Coping Skills
Spaulding & Morgan, 1986 [59] 19 Prospective Control Mothers & fathers SB-non retarded 5–15 Early Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Walker, Thomas, & Russell, 1971 [55] 108 Retrospective None Mothers & fathers SB 0–3 Early Standardized questionnaire

1ANC = anencephaly, CP = cerebral palsy, HYDRO = hydrocephalus, MMC = myelomeningocele, NOS = not otherwise specified, NTD = neural tube defect, PKU = phenylketonuria, SB = spina bifida, SBA = spina bifida aperta.

2BSI = Brief Symptom Inventory, SCL-90R = Symptom CheckList-90 items Revised.