Table 1.
The muscle parameter values used in this study. The values for each muscle are shown. Fmax: maximal isometric force of the contractile element. LCEopt: optimal length of the contractile element. αpen: pennation angle. Lslack: slack (unloaded) length of the series elastic element. ILIOP: m. iliopsoas. GMAXI: m. gluteus maximus. GMEDI: m. gluteus medius. GMIN: m. gluteus minimus. ADDLO: m. adductor longus. ADDMA: m. adductor magnus. ADDBR: m. adductor brevis. HEXRO: merged hip external rotator muscles. RECTF: m. rectus femoris. HAMST: merged hamstrings. VASTI: mm. vasti. BFESH: m. biceps femoris short head. GASTR: m. gastrocnemius. TIBAN: m. tibialis anterior. SOLEU: m. soleus. OPFLE: merged monoarticular planter flexor muscles other than m. soleus. All of these muscles were implemented in the "All Muscles" model. Muscles whose primary function is leg extension are noted as "Extensor". Only these muscles were implemented in the "Extensors Only" model.
| Fmax (N) | LCEopt (m) | αpen (deg) | Lslack (m) | ||
| ILIOP | 1544 | 0.104 | 8 | 0.130 | |
| GMAXI | 1883 | 0.142 | 5 | 0.125 | Extensor |
| GMEDI | 1966 | 0.054 | 8 | 0.078 | |
| GMINI | 849 | 0.038 | 1 | 0.051 | |
| ADDLO | 716 | 0.138 | 6 | 0.110 | |
| ADDMA | 1916 | 0.087 | 5 | 0.060 | |
| ADDBR | 531 | 0.133 | 0 | 0.020 | |
| HEXRO | 1512 | 0.054 | 0 | 0.024 | |
| RECTF | 1353 | 0.084 | 5 | 0.432 | Extensor |
| HAMST | 3054 | 0.080 | 15 | 0.359 | Extensor |
| VASTI | 6718 | 0.087 | 3 | 0.315 | Extensor |
| BFESH | 256 | 0.173 | 23 | 0.100 | |
| GASTR | 2044 | 0.045 | 17 | 0.408 | Extensor |
| TIBAN | 532 | 0.098 | 5 | 0.223 | |
| SOLEU | 5881 | 0.030 | 25 | 0.268 | Extensor |
| OPFLE | 3137 | 0.031 | 12 | 0.310 | Extensor |