Table 1.
Effect of litter, and greenery on likelihood of being overweight/obese or being frequently physically active
| No* | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)† | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight/obese‡ | |||
| Greenery: | |||
| 1 (low) | 661 | 1.00 | — |
| 2 | 1143 | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.07) | 0.195 |
| 3 | 1666 | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90) | 0.003 |
| 4 | 1250 | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.97) | 0.027 |
| 5 (high) | 458 | 0.63 (0.49 to 0.82) | 0.001 |
| Litter and graffiti: | |||
| 1 (low) | 1193 | 1.00 | — |
| 2 | 1122 | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.18) | 0.880 |
| 3 | 753 | 1.16 (0.95 to 1.42) | 0.150 |
| 4 | 1341 | 1.34 (1.12 to 1.60) | 0.001 |
| 5 (high) | 675 | 1.42 (1.15 to 1.96) | 0.001 |
| Frequent physical activity | |||
| Greenery: | |||
| 1 (low) | 655 | 1.00 | — |
| 2 | 1133 | 1.70 (1.30 to 2.23) | 0.001 |
| 3 | 1647 | 1.76 (1.36 to 2.27) | 0.001 |
| 4 | 1238 | 1.68 (1.29 to 2.18) | 0.001 |
| 5 (high) | 454 | 3.32 (2.46 to 4.50) | 0.001 |
| Litter and graffiti: | |||
| 1 (low) | 1180 | 1.00 | — |
| 2 | 1107 | 0.79 (0.60 to 0.88) | 0.001 |
| 3 | 749 | 0.66 (0.54 to 0.85) | 0.001 |
| 4 | 1331 | 0.51 (0.44 to 0.67) | 0.001 |
| 5 (high) | 668 | 0.53 (0.43 to 0.72) | 0.001 |
Number of respondents varies because of missing data on some variables.
Adjusted for sex, age (in single years), socioeconomic status (based on variables deemed to be comparable across the eight countries—highest education qualification of any adult resident, size of dwelling in square metres, number of rooms in dwelling, number and percentage of adults, working full time, number of full time equivalent jobs held by resident adults, number of people in the household, whether a single person household, number of people aged at least 60 in the household), and city of residence. Odds ratio showed a linear relation with body mass index and physical activity (P<0.001 in trend test).
Compares normal (body mass index 20-24.99) with overweight/obese (≥25) and excludes 208 underweight (≤19.99).