AAD	antibiotic-associated diarrhea
BB-12	bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain bb-12
EPS	exopolysaccharide
FDA	food and drug administration
FFAR2/3	free fatty acid receptor 2/3
FFAs	free fatty acids
FOSs	fructooligosaccharides
GALT	gut-associated lymphoid tissue
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GOSs	Galactooligosaccharides
GPCRs	g-protein coupled receptors
GPR109A	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor hcar2
GPR41/43	g protein-coupled receptor 41/43
HDACs	histone deacetylases
HIF	hypoxia-inducible factor
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease
ICs	intestinal cells
IEB	intestinal epithelial barier
IL	Interleukin
ILC3	innate lymphoid cells type 3
INF	intestinal inflammation
ISAPPs	international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics
ITFs	inulin-type fructans
LTA	lipoteichoic acid
MAPKs	mitogen-activated protein kinases
MUC2	Mucin-2
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells
NGPs	next-generation probiotics
PDX	Polydextrose
PP	plasma protein
PS	Postbiotics
PYY	peptide YY
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
SIBO	small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
TJ	tight junction
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
ZO-1	zonula occludens-1