Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2025 May 23;18(11):2452. doi: 10.3390/ma18112452

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

The parameters ρ_tot, ρ_l, and ρ_w in the analyzed database: (a) the relationship between the ultimate stress τ_u and total reinforcement ratio ρ_tot [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,27,28,32,33]: (b) histogram of longitudinal reinforcement ρ_l for different amounts of dispersed reinforcement in the twisted element [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,27,28,32,33]; (c) histogram of transverse reinforcement ρ_w for different amounts of dispersed reinforcement in the twisted element [1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,12,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,27,32,33].