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. 2025 May 23;18(11):2452. doi: 10.3390/ma18112452

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The relationship between the normalized ultimate stress τ_u/τ_u⁰ and normalized rotation angle θ_u/θ_u⁰ [1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,26,32].