Figure 1.

Pleiotropic effects of bergamot. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β, IL-6, interleukin-6; ROS, reactive oxygen species; K-ATP channels, adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels; NO, nitric oxide; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; HMG-CoA reductase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACAT, acyl-CoA cholesteryl acyltransferase; MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; pCEH, pancreatic cholesterol ester hydrolase; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. ↑ increased; ↓ decreased.