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. 2025 May 27;17(11):1491. doi: 10.3390/polym17111491

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Computational evaluation of mean free path (MFP, cm) in Bi₂O₃- and WO₃-reinforced polymer composites for gamma radiation shielding in nuclear medicine. (A) Energy-dependent MFP profiles are shown for base polymers (PTFE, PE, PEI), pure high-Z oxides (PbO₂, Bi₂O₃, WO₃), and a comprehensive series of polymer composites reinforced with Bi₂O₃ and/or WO₃. (B–D) Bar plots illustrate MFP values at clinically relevant gamma energies: (B) Tc-99m (140 keV), (C) I-131 (364 keV), and (D) Cs-137 (662 keV). Statistical comparisons reveal non-significant differences (ns) among base polymers, whereas oxide-reinforced composites show marked in MFP (p > 0.05).