Table 2.
Human fMRI evidence of memory reconsolidation
| Paradigm | Subjects | Anatomical structure | Hemisphere | Test memory period | Activity | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fear conditioning | Healthy subjects | Basolateral amygdala | Bilateral | 1 d post 10 min post-Rec. +Ext. | > | Predict the return of fear | [39] |
| 1 d post 6 h post-Rec. +Ext. | < | ||||||
| dACC | Bilateral | During react. | < | [128] | |||
| vmPFC | < | ||||||
| vmPFC-amygdala | < | Erase fear memory | |||||
| dlPFC | Bilateral | Post-react. | > | Reduce fear | [40] | ||
| Declarative task | Healthy subjects | Hippocampus | Bilateral | Early retrieval post-rec. | < | – | [231] |
| Late retrieval post-rec. | < | ||||||
| Parahippocampus | Early retrieval post-rec. | < | |||||
| Late retrieval post-rec. | < | ||||||
| Prefrontal cortex | Early retrieval post-rec. | < | |||||
| Late retrieval post-rec. | < | ||||||
| Parietal lobe | Early retrieval post-rec. | < | |||||
| Late retrieval post-rec. | < | ||||||
| Temporal lobe | Early retrieval post-rec. | < | |||||
| Late retrieval post-rec. | < | ||||||
| Posterior cingulate cortex | Early retrieval post-rec. | > | |||||
| Late retrieval post-rec. | < | ||||||
| Anterior cingulate cortex | Early retrieval post-rec. | > | |||||
| Late retrieval post-rec. | < | ||||||
| Hippocampus | Left | During React. | < | Detect incongruence and update memory | [98] | ||
| Over faces task | PTSD patients | Thalamus | Right | Propranolol-induced reconsolidation impairment | > | – | [99] |
| ACC | Right | < | Decrease PTSD symptom | ||||
| Mid-frontal gyri | Bilateral | < | |||||
| Mid-cingulate | Bilateral | < | |||||
| Face-location association learning paradigm | Healthy subjects | Hippocampus | Left | After new learning-induced during Rec. | < | Process declarative memories | [232] |
| Amygdala | Right | < | |||||
| Two-day exposure protocol | Arachnophobia subjects | Amygdala | Bilateral | 10 min exposure prior to reactions. | > | Predict fear | [167] |
| Three-day retrieval extinction protocol | Healthy subjects | IT | Bilateral | Post-retrieval extinction | > | Prediction error | [137] |
| dlPFC | > | ||||||
| dlPFC-ACC | > | ||||||
| Autobiographical memory procedure | Healthy subjects | Hippocampus | Bilateral | During react. | < | Positive information update | [233] |
| Ventral striatum | < |
Rec, Reconsolidation; Ext., Extinction; React., Reactivation; <, increased activity; >, decreased activity; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; IT, inferior temporal cortex