Table 1.
Studies of indocyanine green (ICG) in perfusion assessment of left sided colorectal anastomoses. PSM = Propensity score matching, N.R. = not recorded, n/a = not applicable, al = anastomotic leak, lap = laparoscopic
| Study | Year | Enrolment year (country) | Study design | Patients | Population | Intervention and timing relating to anastomosis | Comparison | Outcome | Operative approach (ICG visualisation) | Cancer/Benign |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sherwinter et al. [9] | 2013 | 2010-n.r. (USA) | Prospective cohort | 20 | Low anterior resection for benign and malignant disease | ICG 2.5 mg after, transanal view | N/A | AL, diversion | Lap (mucosa) | Both |
| Jafari et al. [10] | 2013 | 2011–2012 (USA) | Retrospective case control | 38 | Robot assisted LAR | ICG 6–8 mg before | No ICG | AL, revision | Robot assisted (serosa) | Cancer |
| Ris et al. [11] | 2014 | 2011 (UK) | Prospective cohort | 30 | Consecutive patients minimally invasive colorectal resection | ICG 2.5 mg after | N/A | AL | Lap (serosa) | Both |
| Hellan et al. [12] | 2014 | 2012–2013 (USA and Italy) | Prospective cohort | 40 | Robotic left colon or rectal resection | ICG 10 mg before | N/A | AL, revision | Robot assisted (serosa) | Both |
| Jafari et al. [13] | 2015 | 2012–2013 (USA) | Prospective cohort | 139 | Laparoscopic left colectomy or anterior resection | ICG 3.75–7.5 mg before and after | N/A | Feasibility, AL | Lap and robotic assisted (serosa and transanal) | Both |
| Watanabe et al. [14] | 2015 | 2013–2014 (Japan) | Prospective cohort | 119 | Consecutive patients left colon or rectal cancer | ICG 0.5 mg/kg before | N/A | Blood flow, AL | Lap and open surgery | Cancer |
| Protyniak et al. [15] | 2015 | 2013–2014 (USA) | Prospective cohort | 77 | Laparoscopic colorectal operations | ICG dose N.R., before | N/A | AL | Lap (serosa) | Both |
| Boni et al. [16] | 2016 | 2013–2014 (Italy) | Prospective cohort | 107 | Laparoscopic colorectal resections | ICG 0.2 mg/kg before and after | N/A | AL | Lap (serosa) | Both |
| Boni et al. [17] | 2017 | 2014–2015 (Italy) | Prospective cohort with historical control | 80 | Laparoscopic anterior resection for cancer | ICG 5 cc of 0.2 mg/kg before | No ICG in historical controls | AL, postoperative complications | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Kim et al. [18] | 2017 | 2010–2016 (Korea) | Retrospective case cohort, historical control | 657 | Consecutive robot assisted rectal cancer resections | ICG 10 mg before | No ICG in historical controls | Quantify ICG timing and intensity, AL | Robot (serosa) | Cancer |
| Wada et al. [19] | 2017 | 2013–2016 (Japan) | Retrospective cohort | 112 | Laparoscopic surgery for left sided colorectal cancers | ICG 5 mg before | N/A | AL, postoperative outcomes | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Kawada et al. [20] | 2017 | 2013–2014 (Japan) | Prospective cohort | 68 | Left sided colorectal cancers for laparosopic resection | ICG 5 mg before | N/A | AL | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Mizrahi et al. [21] | 2018 | 2013–2016 (USA) | Retrospective cohort, historical control | 60 | Laparoscopic LAR for cancer | ICG 8.75 mg before and after | No ICG in historical controls | AL, change of surgical plan | Lap (serosa, transanal) | Cancer |
| Ris et al. [22] | 2018 | 2013–2016 (UK) | Prospective cohort | 1677 | Elective colorectal patients with anastomoses | ICG 7.5 mg before and after | No ICG in historical controls | AL | Lap, open | Both |
| Ogino et al. [23] | 2019 | 2017–2018 (Japan) | Prospective cohort | 74 | Consecutive patients undergoing colorectal surgery | ICG 5 mg before | N/A | AL, revision | Lap, open | Both |
| Son et al. [24] | 2019 | 2015–2017 (Korea) | Prospective cohort | 86 | Laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer | ICG 0.25 mg/kg before | N/A | AL, anastomotic complication | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Shapera et al. [25] | 2019 | 2012–2018 (USA) | Retrospective case control | 103 | Robotic left colon or rectal resection | ICG 25 mg before and after | No ICG in historical controls | AL, anastomotic complication, revision | Robot (serosa) | Both |
| Wada et al. [26] | 2019 | 2009–2016 (Japan) | Retrospective with PSM | 149 | Patients undergoing laparoscopic low anterior resection | ICG 5 mg before | No ICG in matched controls | AL | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Alekseev et al. [27] | 2020 | 2018–2019 (Russia) ‘FLAG’ | Randomised Control Trial | 377 | Sigmoid and rectal resections | ICG 0.2 mg/kg before | No ICG | AL, revision, complications | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Bonadio et al. [28] | 2020 | 2015–2017 (Italy) | Retrospective cohort | 66 | Elective laparoscopic anterior resections | ICG 0.2 mg/kg before and after | No ICG in historical controls | AL | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Foo et al. [29] | 2020 | 2013–2018 (China) | Retrospective cohort | 506 | Consecutive anterior or low anterior resections | ICG 5–7.5 mg before | No ICG in historical controls, matched | AL, stricture | Open/lap/robot (serosa) | Both |
| Hasegawa et al. [30] | 2020 | 2007–2017 (Japan) | Retrospective cohort | 852 | Low anterior resection or intersphincteric resections for rectal cancer | ICG 5 mg before | No ICG in matched controls during the same time period | AL | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Impellizzeri et al. [31] | 2020 | 2014–2019 (Italy) | Retrospective cohort | 196 | Patients undergoing elective left sided colorectal surgery | ICG 12.5 mg before and after | No ICG in matched controls during the same time period | AL, revision | Lap (serosa) | Both |
| Iwamoto et al. [32] | 2020 | 2016–2017 (Japan) | Prospective cohort | 25 | Laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer | ICG 7.5 mg before | N/A | AL | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Watanabe et al. [33] | 2020 | 2014–2017 (Japan) | Retrospective cohort | 550 | Laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer | ICG 0.25 mg/kg before | No ICG in historical controls, matched | AL | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Benčurik et al. [34] | 2021 | 2015–2019 (Czech republic) | Prospective cohort with historical control | 200 | Rectal cancers | ICG 0.2 mg/kg before | No ICG in historical controls | AL | Lap, robotic (serosa) | Cancer |
| Jafari et al. [6] | 2021 | 2015–2017 (USA) ‘PILLAR III’ | Randomised control trial | 347 | Patients undergoing resection < 10 cm from anal verge | ICG 7.5–10 mg before and after | No ICG | AL | Open, lap, robot (serosa, transanal) | Cancer |
| Otero-Piñeiro et al. [35] | 2021 | 2011–2018 (Spain) | Retrospective analysis Prospective data | 284 | TaTME patients | ICG 2.5 mg/mL ‘bolus’ before and after | No ICG in historical controls | AL | Lap (serosa, transanal) | Cancer |
| Han et al. [36] | 2022 | 2020 (Korea) | Prospective cohort | 22 | Surgery for rectosigmoid or rectal cancer | High ligation with ICG 7.5 mg before, during and after | Low ligation IMA with ICG | AL | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Hasegawa et al. [37] | 2022 | 2010–2017 (Japan) | Prospective cohort with historical control | 263 | Laparoscopic intersphincteric resections | ICG 5 mg before | No ICG in historical controls, matched | Structural sequalae of AL, AL | Lap (serosa) | Cancer |
| Hagiwara et al. [38] | 2023 | 2018–2022 (Japan) | Retrospective cohort | 217 | Left sided colon and rectal surgery for cancer | ICG 12.5 mg before | N/A | Time to ICG fluorescence and AL | Open, lap | Cancer |