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. 2025 Apr 19;4(4):100352. doi: 10.1016/j.focus.2025.100352

Table 3.

Association Between Healthcare Utilization and Demographic and Clinical Characteristics (Results of Multinomial Multivariate Logistic Regression Modeling)

Outcome/model
(ref=ambulatory only)
Unadjusted
Adjusteda
OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value
Emergency department
 Never used (ref) 1.000 1.000
 Former tobacco user 1.201 1.065, 1.353 0.0027 1.286 1.132, 1.462 0.0001
 Current tobacco user 1.598 1.378, 1.853 <0.0001 1.450 1.246, 1.689 <0.0001
Hospital admission
 Never used (ref) 1.000 1.000
 Former tobacco user 1.865 1.692, 2.055 <0.0001 1.320 1.187, 1.468 <0.0001
 Current tobacco user 1.257 1.082, 1.460 0.0028 1.022 0.874, 1.196 0.7838

Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).