Table 4.
The narrative review of endocrine deficiency after proton beam therapy in children.
| Author | Patients | PBT initiation age [yrs] | Cancer type | Medium dose [Gy] | CRT | Post-PBT observation time [yrs] | Incidence of endocrine deficiency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yip et. al. (2022) (51) |
32 | Medulloblastoma - 38% | 54.0 | ± | 4.4 | Growth hormone deficiency – 37.5% vs 50.0% (CSI) Hypothyroidism - 19%. vs 17.7% (CSI) Sex Hormone Deficiency- 6.3% vs 0.0% (CSI) Hormone Replacement Therapy 37.5% vs 50.0% (CSI) |
|
| Aldrich et al. (2021) (52) |
64 | 7.6 | Medulloblastoma | CSI< 30 Gy- 63.5 (n=40) CSI≥30 (n=23) |
nd | 5.6 | Primary Hypothyroidism- 28% Growth hormone deficiency – 52.5% Adrenal insufficiency- 5% Endocrine replacement therapy- 55.0% Sex Hormone Deficiency-2.5% Precocious puberty- 17.5% |
| Bielamowicz et al. (2018) (53) |
41 | Meduloblastoma | nd | 3.8 | Hypothyroidism – 19.0% Primary hypothyroidism - 7.3% Central hypothyroidism – 9.8% |
||
| Eaton et al. (2016) (54) |
40 | 6.2 | Medulloblastoma | TB – 60 (n=24) PF – 30 (n=12) PF → TBa – 10 (n = 4) |
+ | 5.8 | Hypothyroidism- 22.5% Growth hormone deficiency- 52.5% Adrenal insufficiency- 5% Sex Hormone Deficiency-2.5% Precocious puberty- 17.5% |
| Greenberger et al. (2014) (55) |
29 | 11.0 | Low-grade gliomas of the brain or spinal cordOther-15.4% | 52.2 | ± | 7.6 | Growth hormone deficiency – 60.0% Hypothyroidism – 47.5% Cortisol insufficiency – 22.5% Testosterone deficiency – 16.0% Elevated prolactin – 12.5% Diabetes Insipidus – 9.0% Precocious Puberty – 6.0% |
| Viswanathan et al. (2011) (56) |
31 | 11.9 | Craniopharyngioma - 7 Medulloblastoma - 6 Glioma- 4 Other – 14 |
F: 50.4 CSI: 54.0 |
± | 1.8 | Growth hormone deficiency (n = 6), TSH deficiency (n = 4), ACTH deficiency (n = 4), and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (n = 4). |
| Yinuo Li et al. (2023) (57) |
11 | 8 | Rhabdomyosarcoma - 2 Neuroblastoma- 8 Osteosarcoma- 1 |
± | 2,04 | The median relative change in irradiated kidney volume was 16.42% compared to the control group after 1 year. |
CRT, conformal radiotherapy; CSI, craniospinal irradiation; nd, no data.