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. 2025 May 30;13:1593957. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1593957

Table 2.

Unadjusted association between baseline variables and depressive symptoms.

Variables CESD-11
Mean (SD)
P-value
Loneliness <0.001
34 < 14.39 (3.58)
35–49 18.37 (5.16)
50–64 24.04 (6.80)
65=> 30.97 (8.46)
Commute time (min) 0.640
30 < 18.07 (6.17)
30 => 17.96 (6.38)
Work satisfaction <0.001
1 (not at all) 23.81 (7.38)
2 20.66 (6.81)
3 18.60 (6.14)
4 16.78 (5.56)
5 (very) 16.61 (6.71)
Job–major alignment <0.001
Not at all 18.64 (6.57)
Somewhat 17.88 (6.03)
Perfect 17.17 (5.92)
Experience of workplace bullying <0.001
Yes 20.83 (7.19)
No 17.72 (7.19)
Number of employees <0.001
1–4 18.47 (6.66)
5–299 18.19 (6.37)
300 or more 17.16 (5.50)
Gender <0.001
Male 17.30 (6.07)
Female 18.60 (6.33)
Age 0.725
18–25 18.02 (6.20)
26–29 18.15 (6.49)
30–32 17.93 (6.17)
33–36 18.01 (6.12)
Marital status 0.139
Not married 18.26 (6.38)
Married 17.45 (6.02)
Divorced or separated 20.14 (7.69)
Household 0.005
Single 18.43 (6.50)
Cohabit 17.79 (6.08)
Education 0.055
High school or less 18.64 (6.55)
College 18.01 (6.24)
Graduate level 17.94 (6.55)
Homeownership <0.001
Owner 17.25 (5.74)
Non-owner 18.39 (6.34)
Subjective income level <0.001
1–2 (very low) 23.67 (8.42)
3–4 (low) 19.37 (6.29)
5–6 (intermediate) 16.97 (5.42)
7–8 (high) 15.96 (5.04)
9–10 (very high) 17.05 (5.50)