TABLE 2.
medicinal use by ethnic minorities.
| Ethnicity | Traditional applications | References |
|---|---|---|
| Yao | Sore throat and swelling, childhood convulsions, snake bites, carbuncles and toxic swellings, furuncles, mumps, bruises and sprains | Li et al. (2005), Ma and Ye (2013), Medica et al. (2009), Wang et al. (2018) |
| Miao | Crbuncles and toxic swellings, throat swelling and pharyngitis, mastitis, snake and insect bites, bruises and sprains, convulsions, and tremors | Zhang and Zou (2017) |
| Shui | Clearing heat and detoxifying, reducing swelling and relieving pain, cooling the liver, and settling convulsions | Zhao and Yang (2017) |
| Bai | Carbuncles, scrofula, mastitis, bronchitis, lymph node tuberculosis, stomach pain, neuralgia, internal and external bleeding, bruises and sprains, fractures, improving appetite and digestion, expelling parasites, digestive system cancers, abdominal spasmodic pain, insect bites | Jiang (2017), Jiang and Xiao (2021), Ma and Ye (2013) |
| Hakka | Abscesses, tuberculosis of the lungs with chronic cough, bruises and sprains, red and swollen carbuncles and toxic conditions, snake and insect bites, lymph node tuberculosis, osteomyelitis, and other symptoms | Cheng and Chen (2016) |
| Li | Snake bites, stomach pain, unexplained swelling, toxic conditions, mumps, carbuncles, and boils | Dai and Mei (2008) |
| Yi | Breaking down and eliminating accumulations, reducing swelling and dispersing blood stasis, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, gynecological cancers, bruises, and sprains, snake bites, unexplained swelling and pain, external injuries with swelling and stasis | Ma and Ye (2013), Medica et al. (2009), Xu and Huang (2017), Zhang and Du (2021) |
| Jino | Pediatric pneumonia, cholecystitis, tonsillitis, nephritis, gastritis, boils and carbuncles, pain and swelling, arthritis, and snake bites | Yang (2001) |
| De Ang | Epidemic encephalitis B, stomach pain, appendicitis, lymph node tuberculosis, tonsillitis, mumps, mastitis, snake and insect bites, sores and toxic swellings | Bureau (1990), Fang (2014) |
| Dai | Postpartum illnesses, menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, sore throat and swelling, mumps, swollen and painful submandibular lymph nodes, mastitis, carbuncles and boils, abdominal lumps and tumors, boils and abscesses | Cui and Tang (2007), Ma and Ye (2013), Medica et al. (2009), Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Zang | Lymph node tuberculosis | Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Hani | Mumps, bruises, and sprains, skin itching, toe ulceration (athlete’s foot), appendicitis, thyroid enlargement, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchitis with cough, hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, bone tuberculosis, osteomyelitis, facial and lower limb edema, gout, etc. | Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Naxi | Sprains, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastritis, gastric ulcers, stomach pain and bloating, bites and stings, boils, carbuncles, furuncles, fractures, cervical lymph node tuberculosis, unexplained swellings and toxic conditions, mumps, leprosy | Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Pumi | Epidemic mumps, acute tonsillitis, hemoptysis, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, gastritis, chronic gastritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, vomiting blood, gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic heart failure, aplastic anemia, snake bites, acute appendicitis | Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Jingpo | Gastric ulcers, bleeding from cuts | Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Achang | Clearing heat and detoxifying, reducing swelling, and relieving pain | Ma (2016); Medica et al. (2009) |
| Lahu | Epidemic mumps, high fever in children, tracheitis, leukemia, stomach pain, red and painful eyes, sore throat and swelling, fractures, snake bites | Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Wa | Rheumatoid arthritis, fractures, shoulder pain, joint pain, periarthritis of the shoulder, sprains and internal injuries, external injuries, silicosis, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, snake bites, insomnia, gastric ulcers, etc. | Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Buyi | Diarrhea | Luo and Sun (2013), Zheng et al. (2019) |
| Lisu | Snake and insect bites, sores and toxic swellings, mumps, mastitis, tonsillitis, etc. | Institute et al. (2021) |
| Shes | Various inflammations, snake bites, childhood convulsions, diphtheria and encephalitis B, carbuncles and boils, sore throat and swelling, pain from falls and impacts, anti-tumor, hemostasis, etc. | Mei (2018), Wang et al. (2018) |
| Tujia | Heart disease | Wang et al. (2018), Fang et al. (2007) |
| Zhuang | Snake bites, mastitis, unexplained swelling and toxic conditions, lymph node tuberculosis, mumps | Pan et al. (1993) |
| Dong | Treat sore throat and swelling, heal wounds and painful swelling, snake bites, convulsions and tremors, bruises and sprains, etc. | Li (2011) |
| Hui | Clearing heat and detoxifying, relieving cough and expectorating phlegm, reducing fever | Zhang (2008) |