1. Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Markers across the Study Groups,
| parameter | group A (healthy) | group B (nondiabetic cardiac) | Group C (diabetic cardiac) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| homocysteine (μmol/L) | 12.53 ± 1.45 | 14.75 ± 4.06 | 16.07 ± 4.71 | 0.002 |
| TLC (cells/μL) | 9290.00 ± 528.72 | 11015.15 ± 2139.38 | 12444.44 ± 2014.24 | 0 |
| ESR (mm/h) | 14.06 ± 0.94 | 29.18 ± 6.13 | 31.14 ± 6.13 | 0 |
| cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.94 ± 0.43 | 5.79 ± 0.56 | 5.88 ± 0.64 | 0 |
| triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.51 ± 0.42 | 2.10 ± 0.44 | 2.40 ± 0.70 | 0 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.13 ± 0.14 | 2.66 ± 0.66 | 1.36 ± 0.44 | 0 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.77 ± 0.29 | 3.16 ± 0.59 | 3.11 ± 0.48 | 0.002 |
The results demonstrate the values as mean values alongside standard deviation (SD). The study subjected 78 healthy participants to Group A, while Group B and Group C received nondiabetic cardiac patients (n = 78) and diabetic cardiac patients (n = 78), respectively. Researchers discovered that all markers generated distinctive variations between study groups based on ANOVA statistical tests with p-values below 0.05. The abbreviations used in this analysis include the following keys: TLC represents total leukocyte count with normal range from 4000 to 11,000 cells/μL and ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate with normal values below 20 mm/h in males and below 30 mm/h in females while HDL denotes high-density lipoprotein with optimal levels exceeding 1.0 mmol/L in males and 1.3 mmol/L in females and finally LDL corresponds to low-density lipoprotein with a risk-associated target lower than 2.6 mmol/L. The laboratory measured all lipid values from fasting blood draw samples.
The results showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) among the three groups for all biochemical markers.