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. 2025 Jun 3;17(1):2511220. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2025.2511220

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© 2025 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Three rows of scatter plots are shown. In the first row, two rounds are shown for the OAS scanning pipeline, with an inset plot for a zoomed in view of the distribution of selected designs. The second row shows the same selection procedure over two rounds for the inverse folding pipeline. The final row shows the single round selection for the language model pipeline, which has fewer outliers. — Multi-variate gaussian fit of the designed candidates, with selected designs shown in orange. (a) Two rounds of Rosetta selection for the OAS scanning pipeline, with one and 10 replicates respectively. (b) Two rounds of Rosetta selection for the inverse folding pipeline, with one and 10 replicates respectively. (c) Selection of language model designs from the efficient evolution pipeline.