Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2025 May 30;9:e74401. doi: 10.2196/74401

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

©Junichi Fujita, Mizuho Takayama, Emi Kamono, Satoru Shinoda, Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, Tomoko Moroga, Mio Ishii, Tomoyuki Miyazaki. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 30.05.2025.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Formative Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://formative.jmir.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

PMC Copyright notice

Longitudinal changes in psychological outcome measures. Visualization of individual trajectories and group means across 3 time points for (A) loneliness (UCLA-LS3-J SF-3, range 3-9), (B) resilience (RS-14, range 14-98), and (C) depression (PHQ-9, range 0-27). Each participant’s scores were measured at 3 time points: registration, prebroadcasting, and postbroadcasting. Alien 1 (diamond), alien 2 (square), and alien 3 (triangle) are represented by different markers. Group mean trends, indicated by × markers and dashed lines, illustrate the overall trajectory of changes in loneliness, resilience, and depressive symptoms among participants. PHQ-9: 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; RS-14: 14-item Resilience Scale, short form; UCLA-LS3-J SF-3: 3-item Short-Form University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale.