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. 2025 May 30;13:e58857. doi: 10.2196/58857

Table 4.

Pairwise comparisons and Cohen d values for the association between the amount of daily playtimea and anxiety severityb.


Mean difference (95% CI) Cohen d t testc (df) P value
Severe anxiety versus...

Moderate anxiety 0.78 (0.24-1.32) 0.53 2.87 (193) .005

Mild anxiety 1.21 (0.76-1.66) 0.90 5.26 (757) <.001

Minimal anxiety 1.22 (0.78-1.67) 0.91 5.36 (1010) <.001
Moderate anxiety versus...

Mild anxiety 0.43 (0.19-0.66) 0.32 3.61 (880) <.001

Minimal anxiety 0.44 (0.21-0.67) 0.33 3.82 (1133) <.001
Mild anxiety versus minimal anxiety 0.01 (−0.11 to 0.14) 0.01 0.21 (1697) .83

aDaily playtime is measured using a 1 to 6 scale. Table 1 provides further details (referenced as HR).

bDescriptive statistics of daily playtime amount per anxiety severity levels: severe anxiety (n=36; mean 3.78, SD 1.66); moderate anxiety (n=159; mean 2.99, SD 1.44); mild anxiety (n=723; mean 2.57, SD 1.33); and minimal anxiety (n=976; mean 2.55, SD 1.33).

cAll t tests were 2-tailed.