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. 2025 May 30;13:e58857. doi: 10.2196/58857

Table 5.

Pairwise comparisons and Cohen d values for the association between the change in daily playtimea and anxiety severityb.


Mean difference (95% CI) Cohen d t testc (df) P value
Severe anxiety versus...

Moderate anxiety 0.59 (0.27 to 0.92) 0.67 3.62 (193) <.001

Mild anxiety 0.63 (0.36 to 0.90) 0.79 4.61 (757) <.001

Minimal anxiety 0.71 (0.43 to 0.99) 0.85 5.01 (1010) <.001
Moderate anxiety versus...

Mild anxiety 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18) 0.05 0.53 (880) .60

Minimal anxiety 0.12 (−0.03 to 0.26) 0.14 1.59 (1133) .11
Mild anxiety versus minimal anxiety 0.08 (−0.002 to 0.16) 0.09 1.91 (1697) .06

aChange in daily playtime is measured using a 1 to 5 scale. Table 1 provides further details (referenced as CH).

bDescriptive statistics of change in daily playtime per anxiety severity levels: severe anxiety (n=36; mean 4.36, SD 0.72); moderate anxiety (n=159; mean 3.77, SD 0.92); mild anxiety (n=723; mean 3.73, SD 0.81); and minimal anxiety (n=976; mean 3.66; SD 0.84).

cAll t tests were 2-tailed.