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. 2025 May 30;13:e58857. doi: 10.2196/58857

Table 7.

Pairwise comparisons and Cohen d for the association between change in daily playtimea and depression severityb.


Mean difference (95% CI) Cohen d t testc (df) P value
Severe depression versus...

Moderately severe depression 0.38 (0.10-0.66) 0.44 2.70 (188) .008

Moderate depression 0.42 (0.16-0.67) 0.50 3.25 (302) .001

Mild depression 0.51 (0.28-0.75) 0.62 4.25 (835) <.001

Minimal depression 0.57 (0.32-0.81) 0.67 4.58 (711) <.001
Moderately severe depression versus...

Moderate depression 0.04 (−0.13 to 0.21) 0.05 0.44 (392) .66

Mild depression 0.13 (−0.01 to 0.28) 0.16 1.77 (925) .08

Minimal depression 0.19 (0.04-0.34) 0.23 2.42 (801) .02
Moderate depression versus...

Mild depression 0.10 (−0.02 to 0.21) 0.12 1.62 (1039) .11

Minimal anxiety 0.15 (0.03-0.27) 0.18 2.46 (915) .01
Mild depression versus minimal depression 0.06 (−0.03 to 0.14) 0.07 1.26 (1448) .21

aChange in daily playtime is measured using a 1 to 5 scale. Table 1 provides further details (referenced as CH).

bDescriptive statistics of change in daily playtime per depression severity levels: severe depression (n=50; mean 4.20; SD=0.88); moderately severe depression (n=140; M=3.82; SD 0.84); moderate depression (n=254; mean 3.78, SD 0.82); mild depression (n=787; mean 3.69, SD 0.82); minimal depression (n=663; mean 3.63, SD 0.84).

cAll t tests were 2-tailed.