Table 1.
Included qualitative and mixed methods studies.
| Study characteristics | Theme | |||||||||
| Study | Applicability | Country | System type | Disease | COVID-19 era | Adoption factors | Confidence in technology | Connection | Patient empowerment | |
| Mantzounarisa [18] | Low | Greece | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | Ctxtb | —c | Communication | Self-efficacy | |
| Hibbert et al [19] | Moderate | United Kingdom | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPDd | Pre | — | TPe | Depersonalization | — | |
| van Baar et al [20] | Moderate | United Kingdom | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | — | — | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Whitten and Mickus [21] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COPD | Pre | — | — | Communication | — | |
| Cornwall et al [22] | Moderate | United Kingdom | Communication | Lung cancer | Pre | PoMf | — | Communication | — | |
| Mair et al [23] | Moderate | United Kingdom | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | Ctxt, PoM | TP, SoEg | CPh, Depersonalization | — | |
| Hoffman et al [24] | Low | Kenya | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Tuberculosis | Pre | — | — | Communication | — | |
| Shany et al [25] | Low | Australia | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | — | TP | — | Self-efficacy | |
| Cox et al [26] | Low | Australia | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Lung cancer | Pre | Ctxt | IAi | Depersonalization | — | |
| Fairbrother et al [27] | High | United Kingdom | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | — | TP | Communication, CP, CoCj | — | |
| Kim et al [28] | Low | South Korea | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | — | — | Communication, CoC | — | |
| Dinesen et al [29] | Moderate | Denmark | Telehealth (telerehabilitation) | COPD | Pre | Ctxt |
|
CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Huniche et al [30] | Moderate | Denmark | Telehealth (self-monitoring) | COPD | Pre | — | — | CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Damhus et al [31] | Moderate | Denmark | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | — | — | CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Brown-Johnson et al [32] | Low | United States | Education | Lung cancer | Pre | — | — | Communication | Self-efficacy | |
| Kenealy et al [33] | Moderate | New Zealand | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | — | — | Communication, CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Maguire et al [34] | Low | United Kingdom | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Lung cancer | Pre | — | IA | Communication, CP | Self-efficacy, SDMk | |
| Roberts et al [35] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | PoM | — | Communication | Self-efficacy | |
| Dichmann Sorknaes [36] | Low | Denmark | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COPD | Pre | — | IA | Communication, CP | — | |
| Daftary et al [37] | Moderate | Ethiopia | Communication | Tuberculosis | Pre | Ctxt | TP, SoE | — | — | |
| Hirsch-Moverman et al [38] | Moderate | Lesotho | Communication | Tuberculosis | Pre | PoM | — | Communication, CoC | — | |
| Kopanitsa [39] | Moderate | Russia | Communication | Tuberculosis | Pre | PoM, DoIl | SoE | Communication | Self-efficacy | |
| Nhavoto et al [40] | Moderate | Mozambique | Communication | Tuberculosis | Pre | Ctxt | — | Communication | Self-efficacy | |
| Nissen and Lindhardt [41] | Moderate | Denmark | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COPD | Pre | PoM | TP | Communication, CP, CoC | Self-efficacy | |
| Damhus et al [31] | Moderate | Denmark | Telehealth (telerehabilitation) | COPD | Pre | PoM | TP, IA, SoE | Communication | — | |
| Liacos [42] et al | Low | Australia | Telehealth (telerehabilitation) | Mixed | Pre | — | — | Communication, CP | — | |
| Hamilton et al [43] | Moderate | United States | Decision support | Lung cancer | Pre | PoM | — | Communication | SDM | |
| Patel et al [44] | High | United States | EHRm | Asthma | Pre | — | — | Communication | — | |
| Rudin et al [45] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Asthma | Pre | — | — | CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Boström et al [46] | High | Sweden | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COPD | Pre | — | — | Communication, CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Drabble et al [47] | Moderate | United Kingdom | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | CFn | Pre | — | — | CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Kuntz et al [48] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COVID-19 | Post | Ctxt, PoM | — | Communication, CP | — | |
| Lewis et al [49] | Low | United Kingdom | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COVID-19 | Post | Ctxt | — | — | — | |
| Maguire et al [50] | Moderate | United Kingdom | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Lung cancer | Pre | CC | — | Communication, CP | — | |
| Van Cittersa et al [51] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | CF | Pre | PoM | — | C P | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| van Lieshout et al [52] | Moderate | Canada | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | Ctxt, PoM, DoI | TP, SoE | Communication, CoC | Self-efficacy | |
| Yamada et al [53] | Low | Canada | Decision support | Asthma | Pre | Ctxt, PoM | — | — | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Bains et ala [54] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COVID-19 | Post | — | — | Communication, CP | — | |
| Jácome et al [55] | Low | Portugal | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | — | — | Communication, CoC | Self-efficacy | |
| Kennedy et al [56] | High | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Mixed | Post | Ctxt | TP | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Legler et al [57] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COVID-19 | Post | PoM | — | Communication, CP, Depersonalization | — | |
| Sekandi et al [58] | Moderate | Uganda | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Tuberculosis | Pre | Ctxt, PoM | IA | Communication, CP, CoC | — | |
| Thomas et al [59] | Moderate | India | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Tuberculosis | Pre | PoM | — | CP | — | |
| Wu et al [60] | Low | United Kingdom | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COPD | Post | Ctxt, PoM | — | — | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Gillett and Hope-Gill [61] | Moderate | United Kingdom | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | ILDo | Post | PoM, CC | IA | Depersonalization | — | |
| Haynesa et al [62] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Post | Ctxt, PoM | — | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Jiang et al [63] | Moderate | China | Telehealth (telerehabilitation) | COPD | Post | Ctxt, PoM | IA, SoE | Depersonalization | Self-efficacy | |
| Makhecha et al [64] | Low | United Kingdom | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Mixed | Post | — | — | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Misplon et al [65] | Low | Belgium | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Lung Cancer | Post | — | — | Communication | — | |
| Nayyar et al [66] | Moderate | Canada | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Mixed | Post | Ctxt, PoM | — | Depersonalization | — | |
| Sandau et al [67] | Low | Denmark | Medical device | COPD | Post | PoM | TP | CP, Depersonalization | — | |
| Cox et al [68] | Low | New Zealand | Telehealth (telerehabilitation) | Mixed | Pre | Ctxt | TP | Depersonalization | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Hattingh et al [69] | Moderate | Australia | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COVID-19 | Post | Ctxt |
|
Communication, CoC |
|
|
| Kazmerski et al [70] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | CF | Post | — | IA | — | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Robinson et al [71] | Low | United Kingdom | Diagnostics | COPD | Post | — | TP, IA, SoE | CP, CoC | Self-efficacy | |
| Watanabe et al [72] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (self-monitoring) | CF | Pre | — | — | Communication | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
aStudies that included children.
bCtxt: context.
cNot applicable.
dCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
eTP: technology performance.
fPoM: perception of motivations.
gSoE: strength of evidence.
hCP: caring presence.
iIA: interaction anxiety.
jCoC: continuity of care.
kSDM: shared decision-making.
lDoI: drivers of implementation.
mEHR: electronic health record.
nCF: cystic fibrosis.
oILD: interstitial lung disease.