Table 2.
Included quantitative studies.
| Study characteristics | Theme | |||||||||
| Study | Applicability | Country | System type | Disease | COVID-19 era | Adoption factors | Confidence in technology | Connection | Patient empowerment | |
| Pacht et al [73] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Mix of respiratory diseases | Pre | —a | — | Communication | Self-efficacy | |
| Stepnowsky et al [74] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Sleep apnea | Pre | — | — | Communication, Depersonalization, CoCb | — | |
| Varkey et al [75] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Mix of respiratory diseases | Pre | PoMc | TPd, SoEe | Communication | — | |
| Agha et al [76] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Mix of respiratory diseases | Pre | — | — | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Zamith et al [77] | Low | Portugal | Telehealth (Teleconsultation) | Mix of respiratory diseases | Pre | CoC, PoM | — | CPf | — | |
| Byczkowsi et alg [78] | Low | United States | Telehealth (Telemonitoring) | CFh | Pre | — | IAi | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Nield and Hoo [79] | Low | United States | Telehealth (Teleconsultation) | COPDj | Pre | — | — | CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Chih et al [80] | Low | United States | Telehealth (Teleconsultation) | Lung cancer | Pre | — | — | Communication, CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Pinnock et al [81] | Low | United Kingdom | Telehealth (Telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | — | — | CoC | Self-efficacy | |
| Cingi et al [82] | Low | Turkey | Telehealth (Teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | — | TP, SoE | Communication, CP | — | |
| Apter et al [83] | Low | United States | Telehealth (Teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | PoM, CoC | — | Communication, CP | — | |
| Wiechag et al [84] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | PoM | — | Communication, CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Fadaizadeh et al [85] | Moderate | Iran | Telehealth (Telemonitoring) | Asthma | Pre | — | TP, IA | Communication, CP | — | |
| Rosenberger et al [86] | Low | United States | Telehealth (Telemonitoring) | Mix | Pre | DoIk | TP | Communication, CP | — | |
| Poureslami [87] | Low | Canada | Telehealth (Teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | — | IA | Depersonalization | Self-efficacy | |
| Sleathg et al [88] | High | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | DoI | — | Communication, CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Morita et al [89] | Low | Canada | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Asthma | Pre | — | — | Communication, Depersonalization | Self-efficacy, | |
| Sonneyg et al [90] | Low | United States | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Asthma | Pre | — | TP | Communication | Self-efficacy, SDMl | |
| Apter et al [91] | Low | United States | Communication | Asthma | Pre | — | IA | Communication, CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Gaynor et al [92] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | DoI | — | Communication | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Kneuertz et al [93] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Lung cancer | Pre | — | — | CoC, CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Koff et al [94] | Low | United States | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Pre | — | — | — | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Opipari-Arrigang et al [95] | Moderate | United States | Communication | CF | Pre | — | — | Communication | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Perlman et al [96] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COVID-19 | Post | PoM | — | Communication | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Al-Sharif [97] | Low | Saudi Arabia | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | COPD | Post | — | IA, SoE | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Davisg [98] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Mix of respiratory diseases | Post | PoM | IA, SoE | Depersonalization | — | |
| Gashu et al [99] | Moderate | Ethiopia | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Tuberculosis | Post | — | — | Communication, CP | Self-efficacy | |
| Hendra et al [100] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | CF | Pre | CoC | IA | — | Self-efficacy | |
| Meshkov et al [101] | Low | Russia | Communication | Tuberculosis | Pre | — | — | Communication | — | |
| Kowatschg et al [102] | Low | Switzerland | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Pre | PoM | — | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Mustafa et al [103] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Post | Ctxtm | — | Depersonalization | — | |
| Sousa [104] | Moderate | Portugal | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Post | Ctxt | — | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Benson et al [105] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Lung cancer | Pre | CoC | IA | Depersonalization | — | |
| Bukstein et al [106] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Mix of respiratory diseases | Post | — | SoE, IA | Depersonalization | — | |
| Nelson et al [107] | Low | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Mixed | Post | Ctxt | — | Communication, Depersonalization | — | |
| Shinoda et al [108] | Moderate | Japan | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Mix of respiratory diseases | Post | PoM | — | Depersonalization | Self-efficacy | |
| Chun et al [109] | Low | United States | Telehealth (telemonitoring) | Sleep apnea | Pre | — | TP, SoE | Communication, CoC | — | |
| Cokerg et al [110] | Moderate | United States | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | Asthma | Post | — | — | Communication | Self-efficacy, SDM | |
| Lawrenceg et al [111] | Low | Australia | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COVID-19 | Post | PoM | — | Communication, CoC | — | |
| Varghese et al [112] | High | India | Telehealth (teleconsultation) | COVID-19 | Post | — | — | Communication | — | |
| Zhuge et al [113] | Moderate | China | Diagnostics | COVID-19 | Post | Ctxt, PoM | — | Communication | — | |
aNot applicable.
bCoC: continuity of care.
cPoM: perception of motivations.
dTP: technology performance.
eSoE: strength of evidence.
fCP: caring presence.
gStudies which included children.
hCF: Cystic fibrosis.
iIA: interaction anxiety.
jCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
kDoI: drivers of implementation.
lSDM: shared decision making.
mCtxt: context.