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. 2025 May 25;6:157–163. doi: 10.1016/j.biotno.2025.05.001

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Overview of MES.

MES integrates electrical and microbial systems to convert renewable feedstocks into high-value chemicals and fuels. Key processes include engineering electroactive microorganisms for EET, optimizing biosynthetic pathways, substrate utilization, and designing a sustainable MES environment for sustainable biochemical production.