Fig. 3.

Squalamine and claramine A1 can disperse a 24 h-preformed biofilm of P. aeruginosa H103. (A) 3D shadow (upper panel), side (middle panel), and top (lower panel) CLSM images representative of a 24 h-old biofilm of P. aeruginosa after bacterial labeling with SYTO 9 (green) before (H103) and after 2 h of treatment with squalamine (H103-squalamine) or claramine A1 (H103-A1) at 1 μM concentration. Images show representative data from six independent biofilm assays. (B) COMSTAT2 analyses were performed to determine maximum thickness, average thickness and biovolume of the control condition (P. aeruginosa H103 treated with ultrapure Milli-Q® water for 2 h), and the assays (P. aeruginosa H103 upon squalamine or claramine A1 treatment for 2 h). The control parameters were put at 100 % (red line). The error bars represent the standard error of the means (SEMs) and are the result of the analysis of at least five views of each of the six independent biological assays. Statistics were achieved by ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison test. Significance was considered at ∗∗∗∗, p < 0.0001; ∗∗∗, p = 0.0001–0.001; ∗∗, p = 0.001–0.01; ns (not significant), p > 0.05.